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Transcript
Saturated Solutions (Solubility Curves and More) What a Solubility Curve Is A form of graph which shows the amount of solute that can be dissolved into a given solution at a specific temperature. This graph can show both solid and gas solutes. Why does it matter? It displays three specified, important numerical amounts relating to the solution and solvent Unsaturated: The solution can hold more solvent Saturated: The solution can no longer stably hold more solvent Super Saturated: The solution has too much solvent at this temperature, risks crystallization if more solute is added. Solids vs. Gasses The solubility of a gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the solution. (Think of it as a bubbling effect) For a solid, the solubility is directly proportional to the temperature, and amounts of solute and solution. How to Determine Saturated from Unsaturated The most effective way is to add more solute, and the effect shows what the solution is If no change: The solution is Unsaturated If the solute does not dissolve into the solution: Saturated If the solution forms more solute on the bottom or top: The solution is super saturated If no Solute is Present Lower the temperature by 10 degrees (Or a higher interval of 10) Which, based on the curve, should cause the solution to hold less solute, though this method is less accurate. If there is no change: The solution is unsaturated If there is minor crystallization: The solution is saturated If the solution forms noticeably more crystals: The solution is super saturated. Like Dissolving Like Ionic compounds, with both positive and negative ‘ends’ to them (Water H- O+) can dissolve many more forms of solutes, due to this law of science. Compounds will be dissolved by solutions with similar structures, or polarity, water is bipolar, making it a universal solvent. Acidic Scale (The pH Scale) The Scale Itself The scale measures the acidity of the given solution. A lower number indicates an acid A higher number indicates a base. Neutralizing Each Other When an acid and base react with each other, they tend to neutralize each other and produce water and carbon dioxide Litmus & Buffers Litmus is among the oldest known pH indicators, turning red under acidic conditions and blue under basic conditions. Buffers contain both acids and bases that work in conjuncture to prevent any changes in pH levels Indentifying Acid from Base The placement of hydrogen and oxygen in the chemical formula determines the substance identity. If hydrogen is in the front, it is an acid (HCl) If oxygen and hydrogen are at the end, it is a base (NaOH) If hydrogen and oxygen are absent, the substance is neutral. Periodic Arrangements Mendeleev Structure His structure is based mainly on repeating structures and increasing atomic weight and his design was effective enough to predict the existence of a few unknown elements of that time. Electrons Arrangements The elements with the same amount of valence electrons, or similar chemical and physical properties are grouped together Predicting Bonds By knowing the amount of valence electrons, you are able to predict the likeliness of a bond to form. (ie: H and Be would form a -1+2 bond) Groups/Periods Put simply, groups are vertical, periods are horizontal. Groups: Clear properties and trends, from alkaline metals to noble gasses. Periods: Less important classifications, main use is for transition metals, trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electro negativity.