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INTRODUCTION TO THE MONOGASTRIC DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Lindsey Huseman Wilson High School 2009 Carnivores and omnivores have monogastric digestive systems Monogastric systems have a simple stomach structure and only one compartment Some animals with monogastric systems include swine and humans Rabbits and horses have modified monogastric system Parts of the digestive tract Lips Tongue Teeth Salivary glands Mucus Esophagus Esophageal sphincter Transports food to stomach Stomach Churn and mix food Enzymes are secreted to help with the digestion of protein and fats Small intestine Mix, emulsify, move the food Digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats with enzymes Absorption of the end products of digestion Three parts: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Pancreas Enzymes are secreted to help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids Liver Production of bile Emulsifies fat to aid in digestion Gall bladder Storage of bile Bile is active in the small intestine Cecum Non-functioning in most monogastrics Modified monogastrics: have an enlarged cecum that helps digest grasses and hay Large intestine Bacterial activity Water absorption Waste storage Monogastrics have six basic nutrient requirements Carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, water, and fats Water requirements Single nutrient required in the greatest quantity by animals 80% of the empty body weight of a newborn pig and about 53% of a grown market pig is water. An animal can lose all its’ fat and over half of its’ protein and live, but losing 1/10 of its’ water results in death. Pigs consume the majority of their water by drinking Some water is ingested in feed The balance between intake and loss is affected by: Health Nutrition Environment Class of Pig Nursery pigs (up to 60 lbs BW) Grower Pigs (60-100 lbs BW) Finishing Pigs (100-250 lbs BW) Nonpregna nt gilts Pregnant sows Lactating sows Boars Litters/pig/day 2.8 2.5-3.0 L/kg of feed consumed 8-12 2.5-3.0 L/kg of feed consumed 12-20 2.5-3.0 L/kg of feed consumed 12 12-25 10-30 20??? Gallons/pig/day 0.7 0.3 gal/lb of feed consumed 2-3 0.3 gal/lb of feed consumed 3-5 0.3 gal/lb of feed consumed 3 3-6 2.5-7 5??? Glen Almond: “How Much Water Do Pigs Need?” Animal Type Weight Range (kg) Estimated Typi cal Water Use (L/day) Rabbit - gestating doe 4.5 kg 0.35 Rabbit - doe (with litter), prior to weaning 8.5 kgb 1.02 Rabbit - 6-wk fryers 1.0 kg 0.30 Rabbit 12-wk fryers 2.3 kg 0.64 Daniel Ward: “Water requirements of Livestock Fact Sheet.” Frame size (weight) Water Requirement Range (L/day) Average Water Use (L/day) Small (500 lb) 13-20 16.5 Medium (1,000 lb) 26-39 32.5 Large (1,500 lb) 39-59 49 Daniel Ward: “Water requirements of Livestock Fact Sheet.”