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Grammar Review Hyphens –yes, they are necessary They are used to avoid ambiguity. *A male who is over six feet tall is not a small businessman, he is a small-business man. If you use a two-word phrase as an adjective, it should be hyphenated. *Because the swing vote can decide elections, we study swing-vote patterns. Commas following introductory words, phrases, and clauses Use a comma to set off introductory words, phrases, and clauses from the main part of a sentence. The comma keeps a reader from accidentally attaching the introductory portion to the main part of the sentence and having to go back and reread the sentence. Before setting up the computer, John read the instruction manual carefully. More Examples Like an excited child, Sarah tore open the wrapping paper to see her gift. Jill Johnson, the newest member of our team, has more than ten years of experience in the field. As soon as the paint dries, we can apply another coat. Worried, I tried to reach him on the phone again. Using semi-colons before adverbial conjunctions However, therefore, moreover, consequently, nevertheless, hence Adverbial conjunctions are used to connect two independent clauses (complete sentences). Place a semi-colon before the adverbial conjunction and a comma after. Pete went fishing today; however, John went fishing yesterday. More Examples Amy was president of the club; therefore, she had the final say in decisions. Bob got arrested for criminal speeding; moreover, he was obnoxiously drunk. Passive and Active Voice When the subject of the sentence performs the action, this is called Active Voice. My grandfather took me to my first horse show. When the subject of the sentence is the recipient of the action, this is called Passive Voice. I was taken to my first horse show by my grandfather. The Passive and Active Voice Writers write books. –Active Voice Books are written by writers. –Passive Voice Be forceful; use the active voice. Allow the subject to overpower the object. I made a mistake. –Active Mistakes were made by me. -Passive 1984 Orwell Point Parallel Structure Writers should employ parallel structure in order to clarify ideas. Force your language to “march in step” as this linguistic discipline contributes to clarity. The trick is to repeat an introductory word before each phrase or verb or noun in parallel: I love to woo, to wed, to wander. I am in love, in wedded bliss, in heaven. Examples of Unparallel Structure I like reading, drawing, and to paint. I learned quickly what it meant to be responsible, independent, and most importantly, to prioritize. Apostrophes -let’s show some respect A sign in a London park reads, “Giant Kid’s Playground” Why is this large play area always empty? (Because everyone is scared of the giant kid.) Apostrophes indicate possession in singular nouns The boy’s hat The First Lord of the Admiralty’s door When the possessor is plural, but does not end in an “s”, the apostrophe similarly precedes the “s”. The children’s playground The women’s movement When the possessor is a regular plural, the apostrophe follows the “s”. The boys’ hats (more than one boy) The babies’ bibs Apostrophes also indicate time or quantity In one week’s time Four yards’ worth Two weeks’ notice Apostrophes Indicate the Omission of Figures in Dates The summer of ’68 Class of ‘09 Apostrophes indicate the omission of letters We can’t go to Jo’burg (We cannot go to Johannesburg) I could’ve done that (could have) Its, It’s, Its, It’s –NO MORE MISTAKES! It’s your turn (It is your turn) It’s very cold (It is very cold) Good food at its best The dog ate its dinner Apostrophes indicate the plurals of letters and words How many i’s are there in Mississippi? What are the do’s and don’t’s of Cactus Shadows High School? Errors Everywhere “Trouser’s Reduced” “Coastal Cottage’s” “Next Week’s Lesson: Nouns and Apostrophe’s!” “Freds’ Restaurant” “Ladie’s Hairdresser” “Dear Mr. Steven’s” “XMA’S TREES” More Errors “Student’s Entrance” “Member’s May Ball” “Citizens Advice Bureau” “Mens Toilets” “Childrens’ Education” “Men’s Coats” Challenging Apostrophes According to Fowler’s Modern English Usage, “possessive modern names ending in “s”, require an “s” after the apostrophe.” Keats’s poems Alexander Dumas’s The Count of Monte Cristo St. James’s Square Challenging Apostrophes According to Fowler’s Modern English Usage, “possessive ancient names do not require an “s” after the apostrophe.” Archimedes’ screw Achilles’ heel Jesus’ disciples Moses’ tablets What is the difference between a modern and ancient name? an⋅cient –adjective 1. before the end of the Western Roman Empire (476 A.D.). Quick Review 1. The cat played with the toy belonging to it. The cat played with _______ toy. 2. The votes of four members changed the outcome of the election. Four ____________ votes changed the outcome of the election. Quick Review 3. The wipers on your car need to be replaced. Your __________ wipers need to be replaced. 4. The girlfriend of her brother drives a truck. Her ___________ girlfriend drives a truck. 5. We heard the voices of the children clearly in the lounge. We heard the __________ voices clearly in the lounge. Quick Review 6. The husbands of the sisters have lunch together every Monday. The __________ husbands have lunch together every Monday. 7. The report, supported by the accounts of two witnesses, proves he did not commit the crime. The ___________ report, supported by two accounts, proves he did not commit the crime. 8. The flavor of the bread was improved when he put butter on it. The ___________ flavor was improved when he put butter on it. 9. The guess of anybody is as good as mine. ___________ guess is as good as mine.