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Назва наукового напрямку (модуля): Семестр: 4 Модуль 4 Цикл Physiology of blood circulatory system(2c.-med.Sem.Contr) Опис: Перелік питань: 1. A. * B. C. D. E. 2. A. * B. C. D. E. 3. A. B. C. D. E. * 4. A. B. C. * D. E. 5. A. B. C. D. * E. 6. A. B. C. D. * E. On the experiment on a dog, it was set that a law of Starling for a heart represents: Ability of heart to increase the power of contractions during the increase of filling of his chambers with blood. Correlation of consumption of oxygen by myocardium with work, that is being done Correlation of volume of right atrium with the frequency of cardiac contractions Correlation of the cardiac ejection with the peripheral resistance Change of tonus of veins and skeletal muscles Humans have two circles of blood circulation. From what part of the heart does the pulmonary circuit starts? From the right ventricle From the left ventricle From the right atrium From the left atrium From the sinus node An important feature of myocardium is the presence of the plateau phase, that is caused by the change of permeability of membranes for definite ions. What ion is it , and what is it’s way through the membrane ? Exit of Na+ ions Entrance of Na+ ions Exit of K+ ions Exit of Ca2+ ions Entrance of Ca2+ ions It is known, that a QRS complex represents the process of distribution of depolarization wave on right and left ventricles. Excitation of what area of ventricles is characterized by the Q indent? lateral walls of heart Superior and middle third of an interventricular septum Middle and inferior third of an interventricular septum Superior third of an interventricular septum Basal departments of the heart It is known, that a QRS complex represents the process of distribution of depolarization wave on right and left ventricles. Excitation of what area of ventricles is characterized by the S indent? Superior and middle third of an interventricular septum Middle and inferior third of an interventricular septum the apex of the heart Basal departments of the heart and the superior third of interventricular septum lateral walls of heart A 26-year-old man is diagnosed with a sinus bradycardia. The frequency of cardiac contractions is about 52 heartbeats per minute. Which one of the following properties is damaged? Conductivity Excitability Refractivity Automatism Refractivity, excitability 7. A. B. C. D. * E. 8. A. * B. C. D. E. 9. A. * B. C. D. E. 10. A. B. C. D. E. * 11. A. * B. C. D. E. 12. A. B. C. D. * E. 13. A. During the lesson, students removed the heart of a frog and placed it in isotonic solution, where it continued to contract. What property causes the isolated heart to contract? Conductivity Excitability Refractivity Automatism Excitability, refractivity After imposing the ІІ ligature of Stanius, students established that the frequency of atrium contractions is 55 /minute, and the frequency of ventricle contraction - 40 /minute. It is explained by the gradient of automatism of different pacemakers. What is it caused by? Different permeability of membranes for Na+ Different permeability of membranes for K+ Different content of Ca2+ Different activity of Na+, K+-pump All of the listed factors It is known, that a cardiac muscle can contract only in the mode of single contraction. It is explained by the long duration of a period of refractivity. What causes such duration of this period? Inactivation of Na+-channels Activation of Na+- channels Inactivation of K+- channels Activation of K+- channels Inactivation of Ca2+- channels An important feature of myocardium is the presence of the plateau phase, that is caused by the change of permeability of membranes for definite ions. What ion is it , and what is it’s way through the membrane ? Exit of Na+ ions Entrance of Na+ ions Exit of K+ ions Exit of Ca2+ ions Entrance of Ca2+ ions In what space is the difference of potentials registered during the ECG recording in standart lead? Frontal Sagittal Horizontal Vertical Frontal and sagittal In what space is the difference of potentials registered during the ECG recording in pectoral leads? Frontal Sagittal Vertical Horizontal Frontal and sagittal During registration of the ECG in V2 lead, an active electrode was set on the patient in III intercostal region to the left of breastbone(sternum),that is not correct. Where is an electrode supposed to be placed in this case? In III intercostal region to the right of breastbone B. C. * D. E. 14. A. B. * C. D. E. 15. A. B. C. D. E. * 16. A. B. * C. D. E. 17. A. * B. C. D. E. 18. A. B. C. * D. E. 19. A. B. C. D. * E. 20. In IV intercostal region to the right of breastbone In IV intercostal region on the left of breastbone In V intercostal region on the left medio-clavicular line In V intercostal region on the left medium axillary line During the registration of an electrogram of a single muscular fibre, the vector of dipole is directed to the side of the negative electrode of lead. What will be the direction of the wave on an electrogram in this case ? Positive Negative Diphasic Izoline is registered No registered It is known, that a QRS complex represents the process of distribution of depolarization wave on right and left ventricles. Excitation of what area of ventricles is characterized by the R indent? Superior and middle third of an interventricular septum Middle and inferior third of an interventricular septum Superior third of an interventricular septum Basal departments of the heart lateral walls of heart During the examination, the rise of systolic pressure was found in a 45 years old patient. Exceeding of what level of pressure testifies it? 129 mm Hg 139 mm Hg 149 mm Hg 159 mm Hg 130 mm Hg What direction does the repolarization wave in the myocardium of ventricles have? From epicardium to endocardium From endocardium to epicardium Along endocardial layers Along epicardial layers From the apex to the lateral walls of the heart A 48 years old patient suffers the bronchial asthma. In the II standard lead, the duration of the P wave makes 0.14 seconds. What is the normal duration of this wave? Up to 0,15 sec Up to 0,03 sec Up to 0,1 sec Up to 0,12 sec Up to 0,24 sec What indent represents the process of repolarization of the ventricles? Indent R Indent Q Indent S Indent T Cannot be registered In what space is the difference of potentials registered during the ECG recording in increased leads? A. B. C. * D. E. 21. A. B. * C. D. E. 22. A. B. C. * D. E. 23. A. B. * C. D. E. 24. A. B. * C. D. E. 25. A. B. C. D. * E. 26. A. B. C. Horizontal Sagittal Frontal Vertical Frontal and sagittal During registration of the ECG in V1 lead, an active electrode was set on the patient in II intercostal region to the left of breastbone(sternum),that is not correct. Where is an electrode supposed to be placed in this case? In II intercostal region to the right of breastbone In IV intercostal region to the right of breastbone In IV intercostal region on the left of breastbone In V intercostal region on the left medio-clavicular line In V intercostal region on the left anterior axillary line A 60 year old patient M. had an acute heart attack. The cardiogram in I, II standard and V4-V6 chest leads show the deep and wide wave Q. What is the normal amplitude of the Q wave? Up to 5 % of the amplitude of R wave Up to 15 % of the amplitude of R wave Up to 25 % of the amplitude of R wave Up to 15 % of the amplitude of S wave Up to 25 % of the amplitude of S wave How does the work of heart of patients with the diabetes mellitus changes? Heart beat rate will be increased Heart beat rate will decrease Power of cardiac contractions will be increased Speed of conducting of excitation will decrease Speed of conducting of excitation will be increased A 62 years old patient has pathology of the coronary blood circulation. The I, II standard and the V3-V4 leads show the negative T wave. Normally, it has to be negative only in one lead. What is this lead? aVF aVR aVL ІІІ standard V1. Doctors have identified the maximal amplitude of the R wave in V6 lead of the 38 years old man. In what chest lead its amplitude is the greatest? V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 During registration of the ECG in V4 lead, an active electrode was set on the patient in IV intercostal region on the left parasternal line, that is not correct. Where is an electrode supposed to be placed in this case In V intercostal region on the left medium axillary line In IV intercostal region to the left of breastbone In IV intercostal region to the right of breastbone D. E. * 27. A. * B. C. D. E. 28. A. B. C. * D. E. 29. A. B. C. D. * E. 30. A. B. * C. D. E. 31. A. B. C. * D. E. 32. A. B. * C. D. E. In V intercostal region on the left anterior axillary line In V intercostal region on the left medio-clavicular line During registration of the ECG in V6 lead, an active electrode was set on the patient in the point where the left V cost (rib) attaches to the breastbone(sternum), that is not correct. Where is an electrode supposed to be placed in this case? In V intercostal region on the left medium axillary line In V intercostal region on the left anterior axillary line In IV intercostal region on the left of breastbone In V intercostal region on the left medio-clavicular line In the place of attachment of the right V rib to the breastbone Before registering an ECG, the calibration signal must be recorded first. What is the value of the standard calibration signal in the electrocardiographs? 0,1 mV 0,01 mV 1,0 mV 5 mV 10 mV In order to find out the way of electric axis of the heart one must define the algebraic sum of waves in certain ECG leads. What waves are they and in what leads their sums are found? QRST in ІІ and ІІІ standard leads QRS in ІІ and ІІІ standard leads PQRS in I and ІІІ standard leads QRS in I and ІІІ standard leads QRST in I and ІІІ standard leads While finding out the direction of the electric axis of the heart, it was determined that angle α equals +25°. What position of the electric axis of the heart makes such a result? Vertical Horizontal Intermediate Decline to the left Decline to the right While finding out the direction of the electric axis of the heart, it was determined that angle α equals +67°. What position of the electric axis of the heart makes such a result? Vertical Horizontal Intermediate Decline to the left Decline to the right What formula needs to be used in order to estimate the frequency of cardiac contractions using the ECG? Frequency of cardiac contractions = duration of R-R interval in seconds : 60 s Frequency of cardiac contractions = 60 s.: duration of R-R interval in seconds Frequency of cardiac contractions = 60 s · duration of R-R interval in seconds Frequency of cardiac contractions = duration of P-R interval in seconds : 60 s. Frequency of cardiac contractions = 60 s. : duration of P-R interval in seconds 33. A. B. C. * D. E. 34. A. B. * C. D. E. 35. A. * B. C. D. E. 36. A. B. C. D. * E. 37. A. * B. C. D. E. 38. A. B. C. * D. E. 39. A. B. * At a 50 years old patient the duration of the QRS complex in II standard lead makes 0,11 sec. What is the normal duration of this complex in standard leads? Up to 0,03 sec Up to 0,12 sec 0,06-0,09 sec More than 0,1 sec More than 0,03 sec While examining the 27 years old sportsman, the U wave was registered on the ECG in II standard lead. When is this indent usually registered? At tachycardia At bradycardia At hypertrophy of the right ventricle At hypertrophy of the atriums At hypertrophy of ventricles Doctors found the maximal amplitude of the S wave in V6 lead in 45 years old man. In what chest lead the amplitude of the S wave is the greatest in a norm? V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 A 39 years old patient suffers the arterial hypertension. The cardiogram in I standard lead shows the amplitude of R wave of 27 mm. What is the normal amplitude of this wave in standard lead? Up to 10 mm Up to 15 mm Up to 5 mm Up to 20 mm Up to 25 mm Doctors have identified the deviation of the S-T segment in comparement to isoline, that made 2 mm lower in V3-V4 leads. What is the normal position of this segment in chest lead? Up to 0,5 mm downward Up to 1 mm downward Up to 2 mm downward Up to 1 mm upward Up to 5 mm downward A 48 years old patient has the difference of duration of the R-R intervals 0.18 sec. What is the normal difference of duration of the R-R intervals in normal heart beat rhythm? Up to 0,12 sec Up to 0,2 sec Up to 0,1 sec Up to 0,01 sec Up to 0,06 sec While finding out the direction of the electric axis of the heart, it was determined that angle α equals +75°. What position of the electric axis of the heart makes such a result? Intermediate Vertical C. D. E. 40. A. B. C. * D. E. 41. A. B. C. D. E. * 42. A. * B. C. D. E. 43. A. B. C. D. * E. 44. A. B. C. * D. E. 45. A. B. C. * D. E. 46. Horizontal Decline to the left Decline to the right During the analysis of ECG of the 49 years old patient C., violation of rhythm is set with localization of the driver of rhythm in the left atrium. What signs indicate on localization of rhythm in sino-atrial node? one of the signs Neither Presence of the positive R wave Presence of the positive P wave before every QRST complex Presence of the positive T wave before every QRS complex Presence of the positive PQRST waves It is known that the Q-T interval is called the electric systole of the heart. What process represents this interval? Depolarization of the atriums Depolarization of the ventricles Depolarization and repolarization of the atriums and ventricles Depolarization and repolarization of the atriums Depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles The ECG shows the considerable increasement of the P-Q segment. Where is the conducting of excitation slowed down? In the atrio-ventricular node Atriumm Fascicle of Giss Purkinje’s fibres Ventricles On the lesson, through the isolated heart of frog the 3 % solution of CaCl2 was passed by. How will the heart work change? power of cardiac contractions will decrease, heart beat rate will increase speed of conducting of excitation will increase heart will stop in a diastole heart will stop in a systole decrease of excitability The 49 years old man has the equal amplitude of S and R waves in V4 taking. In what chest lead their amplitude is equal in a norm? V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 On echocardiography, a stroke volume of the 30 years old man made 75 ml. What is the normal stroke volume for men? 60-80 ml 60-90 ml 70-90 ml 80-120 ml 50-70 ml The Boudichi phenomenon sets the dependence of power of cardiac contractions on: A. * B. C. D. E. 47. A. B. C. * D. E. 48. A. B. * C. D. E. 49. A. B. C. D. E. * 50. A. B. C. D. * E. 51. A. B. C. D. E. * 52. A. B. C. * D. Heart beat rate degree of dilatation of cardiomyocites pressure in an aorta volume of ventricles speed of conducting of excitation During the examination of a 68 years old patient D., the end-systolic capacity made 65 ml. What is the normal value of this index? 48-64 ml 38-50 % 38-50 ml 70-90 ml 60-90 ml It is known that the pressure in left ventricle in systole equals about 110 mm Hg. What is the normal pressure in left ventricle in diastole 25 mm Hg 0 mm Hg 10 mm Hg 15 mm Hg 3-8 mm Hg It is known that the pressure in left atrium in diastole equals about 0 mm Hg. What is the normal pressure in left atrium in systole? 0 mm Hg 25 mm Hg 10 mm Hg 15 mm Hg 3-8 mm Hg On the echocardiography of the 56 years old man, doctors estimated the decrease of ejection fraction of the left ventricle. What is the normal value of this index? 60-90 ml 60-90 % 54-70 % 54-64 % 38-50 ml While examining the patient, doctors had to find the value of cardiac ejection fraction What method can be used? Sphygmography X-ray examination ECG FCG Echocardiography Doctors have prescribed the β-adrenostimulators to a patient N. with bronchial asthma. How will the work of heart after the reception of these medications change? duration of the diastole will be increased duration of the systole will be increased duration of the diastole will decrease duration of the systole will decrease E. 53. A. B. C. D. E. * 54. A. * B. C. D. E. 55. A. B. C. D. E. * 56. A. B. * C. D. E. 57. A. * B. C. D. E. 58. A. B. C. D. * E. 59. A. B. * delay time of conducting of excitation in atrio-ventricular node will be increased The second diastolic tone of heart appears with: Transition of blood from ventricles to large vessels Filling of ventricles with blood Filling of atriums with blood Reversed motion of blood and closing of semilunar valves of aorta and pulmonary trunk All of the named factors On the lesson, through the isolated heart of frog the solution was passed by. It caused the increase of heart beat rate. What solution was used? Adrenalin 1 % solution of NaCl Potassium chloride Acetylcholine NaHCO3 Fourth tone on fonocardiogram is conditioned by: Filling of atriums Ventricle contractions Injection of blood to the pulmonary trunk Injection of blood to the aorta Atrium contractions and filling of ventricles with blood 16 years old girl, while rapid transition from horizontal position in to vertical position lost consciousness. What of the following caused that: Increase of the venous return of blood to the heart Decrease of the venous return of blood to the heart Increase of the frequency of cardiac contractions Decrease of the frequency of cardiac contractions Increase of arterial pressure At a patient with a syndrome of Itsenco-Coushing the production of glucocorticoids was considerably increased. How will the work of heart change? heart beat rate will increase heart beat rate will decrease speed of conducting of excitation in atrio-ventricular node will decrease power of cardiac contractions will decrease the work of heart will not change A 30 years old patient who had a stenosis (decrese of diameter) of the left atrio-ventricular opening was diagnosed with the pulmonary hypertension. The systolic pressure in pulmonary artery made 30 mm Hg. What is the normal value of this index? 5-10 mm Hg 10-15 mm Hg 15-20 mm Hg 20-25 mm Hg 25-30 mm Hg It is known that the pressure in right ventricle in systole equals about 20 mm Hg. What is the normal pressure in right ventricle in diastole? 15 mm Hg 0 mm Hg C. D. E. 60. A. * B. C. D. E. 61. A. B. * C. D. E. 62. A. B. C. D. * E. 63. A. * B. C. D. E. 64. A. B. * C. D. E. 65. A. * B. C. D. E. 10 mm Hg 20 mm Hg 3-8 mm Hg On the lesson, students placed the isolated heart of frog in solution. No changes in heart work happened. In what solution was the heart placed? 1 % solution of NaCl. 3 % solution of HCl 1 % solution of CaCl2 3 % solution of KCl 1 % solution of NaHCO3 It is known that the pressure in right atrium in systole equals about 5 mm Hg. What is the normal pressure in right atrium in diastole? 25 mm Hg 0 mm Hg 10 mm Hg 15 mm Hg 3-8 mm Hg During the preparation of a patient to the operation on a heart, measuring of pressure in chambers of the heart was determined. In one of them pressure made 120 mm Hg (16,0 kPa). Name this chamber of the heart. left atrium right ventricle right atrium left ventricle venous sinus Patients with heart pathologies often have the increased blood level of a hormone which decreases the reabsorbsion of Na+ and water in tubules, and is produced in a heart. What hormone has such action?sodium uretic hormone Atrial Rennin Aldosteron Vasopressin Adrenalin The first tone, formed by a right ventricle, is auscultated: In second intercostal region on the left of breastbone On the breastbone, where a processus xiphoid joins to it Above semilunar valves Above atrio-ventricular valves In the projection of the apex of heart Doctors during the inspection defined the presence of tachycardia in the state of rest. What can be its reason? Increased function of thyroid gland Increased function of cortex of adrenal glands Increased permeability of Cl-canals of myocardium Increased tonus of the parasympathic system Change of all listed factors 66. A. B. * C. D. E. 67. A. B. * C. D. E. 68. A. B. * C. D. E. 69. A. B. C. D. * E. 70. A. B. * C. D. E. 71. A. B. C. D. * E. 72. A. B. C. * D. During the class, students conducted an orthostatic test. Thus there were the changes of hemodynamics. What compensatory mechanisms provide the support of hemodynamics at this test? Increase of arterial pressure Increase of the frequency of cardiac contractions Decrease of arterial pressure Reduction of the frequency of cardiac contractions Increase of the power of cardiac contractions At a patient B., with the increased function of thyroid gland, the increase of heart beat rate is set. What is the mechanism of the thyroid hormone influence on the heart? decrease of quantity of B-adrenoreceptors increase of quantity of B-adrenoreceptors increase of quantity of N-cholinoreceptors decrease of quantity of alfa-adrenoreceptors increase of quantity of M- cholinoreceptors What characterizes a protosphygmic interval? Opening of semilunar valves Closing of semilunar valves Opening of atrioventricular valves Closing of the bicuspid valve Closing of atrioventricular valves Doctors have intravenously ejected the solution of calcium chloride at a 45 years old male. What effects will it stimulate? Positive chronotropic and negative inotropic Negative chronotropic and inotropic Negative bathmotropic and inotropic Positive chronotropic and inotropic Work of heart won’t changes A 56 years old patient K, with arterial hypertension, has used diuretics for a long time, that resulted in violation of cardiac rhythm. By the change of concentration of what ion is this state conditioned? increase of K+ decrease of K+ increase of Na+ decrease of Na+ decrease of Ca2+ An effect of Anrep sets the dependence of power of contractions of ventricle myocardium on: Volume of ventricles Tonus of the sympathetic system Tonus of the parasympathetic system Pressure in an aorta Degree of dilatation of muscular fibers In what conditions does the atrial natriuretic peptide excretion increases (by the incretory auricle atrium cells)? with the increase of concentration of K+ with the decrease of concentration of K+ with the increase of volume of circulatory blood with the decrease of the volume of circulatory blood E. 73. A. B. C. D. * E. 74. A. B. C. D. * E. 75. A. * B. C. D. E. 76. A. * B. C. D. E. 77. A. * B. C. D. E. 78. A. * B. C. D. E. 79. A. * B. with the increase of level of Ca2+. On the lesson, the students placed the isolated heart of frog in a solution. The heart stop in a diastole happened. What solution was heart placed in? 1 % solution of NaCl. 3 % solution of NaCl 1 % solution of CaCl2 3 % solution of KCl 1 % solution of NaHCO3 On the lesson, through the isolated heart of frog the solution was passed by. It caused the decrease of heart beat rate. What solution was used? Adrenalin Histamine Calcium chloride Acetylcholine 1 % NaHCO3. At a patient with a syndrome of Cone the production of aldosteron was considerably increased. How will the work of heart change? heart beat rate will increase heart beat rate will decrease speed of conducting of excitation in atrio-ventricular node will decrease power of cardiac contractions will decrease the work of heart will not change It is known, that the heart beat rate decreases under the action of acetylcholine. What mechanism predetermines it? duration of phase of spontaneous diastolic depolarization is increased duration of phase of spontaneous diastolic depolarization decreases speed of conducting of excitation to atrio-ventricular node is increased duration of action potential is increased duration of action potential is increased Doctors have prescribed the beta-adrenoblockators to a patient K. with arterial hypertension. How will the work of heart after the reception of these medications change? duration of the diastole will be increased duration of the systole will be increased duration of the diastole will decrease duration of the systole will decrease delay time of conducting of excitation in atrio-ventricular node will be decreased During the experiment on an animal, the right vagus nerve was cut. What changes would be observed? Increase of heart beat rate Increase of power of cardiac contractions Increase of speed of conducting of the excitation in an atrio-ventricular node Decrease of heart beat rate Decrease of power of cardiac contractions On the lesson, students inflicted the strong irritation of vagus nerve of a rat, that caused the heart to stop. What is the nature of this phenomenon? activation of K+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node activation of Na+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node C. D. E. 80. A. B. C. D. E. * 81. A. B. C. * D. E. 82. A. B. * C. D. E. 83. A. B. C. D. E. * 84. A. B. C. D. * E. 85. A. B. * C. D. E. inactivation of the Na+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node activation of the Ca2+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node inactivation of the Ca2+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node It is known, that in emergency therapy for the removal of the attack of paroxysmal tachycardia, doctors use the reflex, that is inducted by pressing on the eyeballs. How is this reflex called? Hering’s Holt’s Bekhterev’s Helmholt’s Ashner’s On practical the students during the experiment conducted electro-stimulation of the left vagus nerve. What effect here will be observed? Positive inotropic effect Positive chronotropic effect Negative inotropic effect Positive dromotropic effect No bathmotropic effect On the lesson, students inducted the reflex by inflicting the strikes on the anterior abdominal wall of frog. How is this reflex called? Hering’s Holt’s Bekhterev’s Valsalve’s Ashner’s It is known, that during the hard physical work, the heart beat rate is increasing. What receptors conduct the afferent information in this case? Mechanoreceptors of vessels Chemoreceptors of muscles Chemoreceptors of carotid sinus Mechanoreceptors of the right atrium Proprioreceptors During the acute experiment on an animal, a part of spinal cord was destroyed. How will the heart activity change in such conditions? Increase of heart beat rate Increase of power of cardiac contractions Increase of conducting speed of excitation in atrio-ventricular node Decrease of heart beat rate Decrease of end-diastolic volume On the lesson, students observed the respiratory arrhythmia. Thus on the monitor of cardioscope was evidently, that at inhalation the heart beat rate was increasing, and at exhalation - decreasing. How will the stroke volume (SV) change at the inhalation and exhalation? At inhalation will increase, at exhalation - will decrease At inhalation will decrease, at exhalation - will increase Will increase at inhalation, at exhalation will not change Will increase at exhalation, at inhalation will not change Changes of stroke volume at inhalation and exhalation would not be observed 86. A. B. C. * D. E. 87. A. * B. C. D. E. 88. A. * B. C. D. E. 89. A. B. C. D. E. * 90. A. B. C. D. E. * 91. A. * B. C. D. E. 92. A. B. C. It is known, that the frequency of cardiac contractions decreases during a sleep. What mechanism causes such changes? Inhibition of sensory areas of the cerebral cortex Inhibition of motor areas of the cerebral cortex Increase of tonus of n.vagus Increase of tonus of the sympathetic nervous system Inhibition of neurons of middle hypothalamus The dicrotic wave on sphygmogram appears as a result of: Push of blood into closed semilunar valves of aorta Push of blood into closed semilunar valves of pulmonary trunk Transition of blood from ventricles in an aorta Push of blood into closed mitral valves Push of blood into closed tricuspid valves One of important haemodynamic indexes is the linear speed of blood-flow. What factor does this index depend on mainly? Total area of cross-section of vessels Length of vessel Viscosity of blood Size of stroke volume Gradient of pressure During the prophylactic examination of a 25 years old man, arterial pressure was measured on hands and feet. On which arteries at norm there must be the greatest systolic pressure? Humera Radial Aorta Femoral The dorsal artery of foot It is known, that medium speed of pulse wave in vessels makes 4-10 m/s. What factors the speed of pulse wave depends on? Power of cardiac contractions Volume of circulatory blood Size of stroke volume Viscosity of blood Elasticity of vessel walls At palpatory examination of pulse, the decrease of filling of pulse was found. What factor this property of pulse depends on mainly? volume of circulatory blood elasticity of arterial walls speed of blood-flow peripheral resistance of vessels From heart beat rate Doctors have found the arterial hypertension, with the level of pressure - 150/90 mm Hg, in a 40 years old patient. What factors can affect the increase of pressure? Volume of circulatory blood Peripheral resistance of vessels Viscosity of blood D. E. * 93. A. * B. C. D. E. 94. A. * B. C. D. E. 95. A. B. C. * D. E. 96. A. B. C. D. * E. 97. A. B. * C. D. E. 98. A. B. C. * D. E. 99. A. B. * C. Elasticity of vessel walls All of the factors What is the main force of the blood-flow in vessels? Gradient of pressure at the beginning and at the end of vessels Gradient of resistance at the beginning and at the end of vessels Difference of pressure and resistance in vessels Gradient of volume at the beginning and at the end of vessels Difference of the diameter at the beginning and at the end of vessels Doctors had a necessity to estimate the elasticity of large arterial vessels. Which one of the methods of research should be used for this purpose? Sphygmography Electrocardiography Phonocardiography Polycardiography Vessel scanning Functional types of vessels are: Elastic, arterial, exchange, capacitable, venous Capillary, resistive, capacitable, exchange, venous, muscular Amortizing, resistive, exchange, shunting, capacitable Muscular, capacitable, pulsating, shunting, amortizing Arterial, venous, capillary, resistive, shunting Doctors have conducted the registration of a sphygmogram of a patient with insufficiency of aortic valves. How can a sphygmoraphic curve change in this case? amplitude of anacrote will decrease duration of catacrote will be increased amplitude of the dicrotic rise will be increased amplitude of the dicrotic rise will be decreased duration of anacrote and catacrote will decrease At palpatory research of pulse, the increase of tension of pulse is set. What factor this property of pulse depends on mainly? volume of circulatory blood elasticity of arterial walls speed of blood-flow peripheral resistance of vessels From heart beat rate What factor the speed of blood flow in vessels depends from mainly? length of vessel size of stroke volume total area of the transversal section of vessel of stroke volume elasticity of vessel walls Microcirculation has such functional groups of vessels: Capillaries, resistive postcapillaries, arteriols, precapillaries, small arteries Arterioles, precapillaries, capillaries, vessels-shunts, resistive postcapillaries, venules, lymphatic vessels Capillaries, venules, arterioles, precapillaries, postcapillaries, small veins and arteries D. E. 100. A. B. C. D. E. * 101. A. * B. C. D. E. 102. A. * B. C. D. E. 103. A. B. C. * D. E. 104. A. B. C. D. * E. 105. A. B. C. * D. E. Capillaries, venules, precapillaries, postcapillaries, small veins and arteries Arteriols, precapillaries, capillaries, vessels-shunts, resistive postcapillaries, venules Name 5 types of vessels, which belong to the microcirculation. Capillaries, arteriols, precapillaries, amortizing, vessels-shunts Resistive postcapillaries, capacitable, capillaries, arteriols, precapillaries Vessels-shunts, precapillaries, amortizing, arteriols, postcapillaries Capacitable vessels, amortizing, arteriols, capillaries, venules Arteriols, precapillaries, capillaries, vessels-shunts, resistive postcapillaries What substances pass through the wall of capillaries of spleen? Plasma and unharmed formed elements Plasma and fragments of blood cells Plasma without high molecular albumens Plasma without fibrinogen Plasma without albumens During the ultrastructure examination of a tissue sample, researchers found that the walls of capillaries consist of a layer of endothelial cells, with small spaces ( less than 0.1mcm ) between them. What type these capillaries belong to? Visceral Plasmatic Somatic Sinusoid Lymphatic A patient B., 68 years old, has ischemic heart disease with insufficiency of blood-circulation of ІІІ grade. At the examination, the edemata is set on the lower extremities. What changes of microcirculation could lead to development of edemata? Increase of oncotic pressure of blood Decrease of oncotic pressure of blood Increase of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary Decrease of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary Decrease of hydrostatical pressure in the arterial end of capillary While conducting the test of Conchalovsky the increase of quantity of point hemorrhages is exposed on a forearm in a circle with a diameter of 5 cm. What is the normal quantity of hemorrhages in this circle? Up to 5 Up to 3 Up to 8 Up to 10 Up to 12 While conducting the electronic microscopy of a sample of tissue, capillaries that have the continuous layer of endothelial cells and a basal membrane were found. Sample of what tissue was examined? Kidneys Liver Cerebrum Bone marrow Intestine 106. A. B. * C. D. E. 107. A. B. * C. D. E. 108. A. B. C. * D. E. 109. A. B. * C. D. E. 110. A. * B. C. D. E. 111. A. B. C. * D. E. While conducting the electronic microscopy of a sample of tissue, capillaries that have the fenesters in endothelium (more than 0,1 mcm wide) with a practically absent basal membrane were found. Sample of what tissue was examined? Cerebrum Bone marrow Muscle Skin Urinary bladder During the experiment, by a direct method, it was established that the size of hydrostatical pressure in the arterial end of capillary was evened 36 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? Filtration will be increased Filtration will decreased Reabsorbtion will decreased Filtration and reabsorbtion will be increased Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease During the experiment, it was set by a direct method, that the size of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary was evened 21 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? reabsorbtion will be increased, filtration will decrease Filtration will decrease reabsorbtion will decrease Filtration and reabsorbtion will be increased Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease The capillaroscopia discovered a plenty of capillaries, that do not contain red blood cells. How are such capillaries called? Perfused Plasmatic Transitional Functioning Unfunctioning Give determination to the phenomenon of Foreus-Lindkvist: With the decrease of the diameter of vessel the speed of blood-flow grows With the increase of the diameter of vessel the speed of blood-flow grows With the decrease of the diameter of vessel the speed of blood-flow diminishes With the decrease of the diameter, peripheral resistance of vessels grows With the decrease of the diameter peripheral resistance is increasing During the ultrastructure examination of a tissue sample, researchers found that the walls of capillaries consist of a continuous layer of endothelial cells and basal membrane. What type these capillaries belong to? Visceral Plasmatic Somatic Sinusoid Lymphatic 112. A. B. C. D. * E. 113. A. B. * C. D. E. 114. A. B. C. * D. E. 115. A. B. * C. D. E. 116. A. B. * C. D. E. 117. A. B. C. D. * E. During the ultrastructure examination of a tissue sample, researchers found that the walls of capillaries consist of a layer of endothelial cells, with spaces ( more than 0.1mcm ) between them and practically absent basal membrane. What type these capillaries belong to? Visceral Plasmatic Somatic Sinusoid Lymphatic A 42 years old patient C. with chronic glomerulonephritis, considerable proteinuria is set (excretion of albumen with urine). At the examination, doctors found the edemata of face. What changes in a microcirculation could lead to development of edemata? Increase of oncotic pressure of blood Decrease of oncotic pressure of blood Increase of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary Decrease of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary Decrease of hydrostatical pressure in the arterial end of capillary While conducting the electronic microscopy of a sample of tissue, capillaries that have the continuous layer of endothelial cells and a basal membrane were found. Sample of what tissue was examined? Kidneys Liver Muscle Bone marrow Intestine While conducting the electronic microscopy of a sample of tissue, capillaries that have the fenesters in endothelium and pores in a basal membrane, were found. Sample of what tissue was examined? Cerebrum Liver Muscle Skin Urinary bladder During the experiment it is set by a direct method, that the size of hydrostatical pressure in the arterial end of capillary was evened about 26 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? Filtration will be increased Filtration will decreased Reabsorbtion will decreased Filtration and reabsorbtion will be increased Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease As a result of the protracted starvation, at a 36 years old man, the quantity of albumens decreased in plasma of blood to 25 g/l. It led to the decline of oncotic pressure of plasma of blood to 20 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? Filtration will decrease, reabsorbtion will be increased Filtration will decrease reabsorbtion will decrease Filtration will be increased, reabsorbtion will diminish Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease 118. A. B. * C. D. E. 119. A. B. * C. D. E. 120. A. B. C. D. * E. 121. A. B. C. D. * E. 122. A. B. C. * D. E. 123. A. B. * C. D. E. During the experiment, it was set by a direct method, that the size of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary was evened 15 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? Filtration will decrease Reabsorbtion will increase Filtration and reabsorbtion will increase Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease Reabsorbtion will decrease, filtration will be increased Name 5 factors which cause the movement of blood in veins Difference of pressure in the venous system, quantity of circulatory blood, tone of vessels, viscosity of blood, resistance in vessels Difference of pressure in the venous system, negative pressure in a thoracic cavity, contractions of skeletal muscles, diaphragmal pump, contraction of walls of veins Difference of pressure, valves of veins, contraction of muscles Negative pressure in a thorax, diaphragmal pump, difference of pressure, valves of veins, contraction of muscles Difference of pressure, valves of veins, tonus of veins, contraction of muscles During conducting of march test, the expansion and increase of blood-filling of superficial veins of right shin (leg) was observed. What is the most credible reason of this? Insufficiency of valves of superficial veins Insufficiency of valves of perforantive veins Violation of permeability of superficial veins Violation of permeability of deep veins Violation of permeability of perforantive veins At the analysis of phlebogram, the decline of amplitude of wave "a" was observed. What process forms this wave on the phlebogram? Relaxation of ventricles Transmission of pulsation of carotid on a jugular vein Systole of the right ventricle Systole of the right atrium Systole of the left atrium While examining a 42 years old patient C., doctors have suspected the violation of permeability of deep veins of right leg. What test should be conducted in order to prove this diagnosis? Test Troyanova-Trendelenbourga Test Sheynisa Test of Delbe -Pertesa Test Valsalvi Test with the single physical loading. While examining a 33 years old patient B., doctors have suspected a violation of function of valves of perforantive veins. What test should be conducted in order to prove this diagnosis? Test Troyanova-Trendelenbourga Test Sheynisa Test of Delbe -Pertesa Test Valsalvi Test with the single physical loading 124. A. * B. C. D. E. 125. A. B. * C. D. E. 126. A. B. C. D. * E. 127. A. B. C. D. E. * 128. A. B. C. D. E. * 129. A. B. * C. D. E. 130. A. B. To the patient, for estimation of the permeability and function of valves of veins, it was recommended to do tourniquet tests. During the test of Troyanov-Trendelenbourg, the expansion of superficial veins was observed. For estimation of valves of what veins this test is usually used? Superficial Deep Caval Cranial Perforantive While conducting the test of Sheynise, expansion and increase of blood-filling of superficial veins of right leg was observed. What is the most possible reason of this state? Insufficiency of valves of superficial veins Insufficiency of valves of perforantive veins Violation of permeability of superficial veins Violation of permeability of deep veins Violation of permeability of perforantive veins What type of transport provides the penetration of high molecular albumens in a lymph? Diffusion Osmosis Primary active transport Pinocytosis Filtration In a laboratory, the time of lymph-clotting was determined and was set, that it is higher normal one. What is the normal duration of clotting of lymph? Up to 3 min Up to 5 min 5 - 10 min 60-120 sec 10-15 min Name 5 functions of lymph Protective, thermoregulatory, excretion, transport, filtration Barrier, excretory, protective, homeostatic, transference of nutritives Drainage, support of volume of tissue liquid Excretion, protection, drainage, homeostatic, barrier Support of volume of tissue liquid, transference of nutritives, filtration, barrier, participation in the immunological reactions The 68 years old patient Z., with ischemic illness of the heart, had his venous pressure measured, which in vena ulnaris made 340 mm of waters column. What size of pressure must is normal in this case? 45-85 mm of mercury column 45-120 mm of water column. 45-120 mm of mercury column 300-400 mm of mercury column Up to 139 mm of mercury column. At a 63 years old patient B., with arterial hypertension, the increase of amplitude of wave "c" was set on the phlebogram. What process forms this wave on the phlebogram? Transmission of pulsation of carotid on a jugular vein Systole of the right ventricle C. * D. E. 131. A. * B. C. D. E. 132. A. B. C. D. * E. 133. A. B. * C. D. E. 134. A. * B. C. D. E. 135. A. B. C. D. E. * 136. A. B. C. * Systole of the right atrium Systole of the left atrium Relaxation of ventricles. 33 years old patient, has complains on pains and swelling of the left shin (leg). She was suspected to have the violation of functions of valves of v. saphena magna. What test should be conducted in order to prove this diagnosis? Test Troyanova-Trendelenbourga Test Sheynisa Test of Delbe -Pertesa Test Valsalvi Test with the single physical loading To the patient, for estimation of the permeability and function of valves of veins, it was recommended to do tourniquet tests. During the three-tourniquet test, the expansion of superficial veins was observed. For estimation of valves of what veins this test is usually used? Superficial Deep Caval Perforantive Cranial To the patient, for estimation of the permeability and function of valves of veins, it was recommended to do tourniquet tests. During the march test, the expansion of superficial veins was observed. For estimation of valves of what veins this test is usually used? Superficial Deep Caval. Cranial Perforantive While conducting the test of Troyanov-Trendelenbourg, the expansion and increase of blood-filling of superficial veins of right shin was observed. What is the most possible reason of this state? Insufficiency of valves of superficial veins Insufficiency of valves of perforantive veins Violation of permeability of superficial veins Violation of passing ability of deep veins Violation of permeability of perforantive veins In a laboratory, the research of definite liquid was conducted. Cations, anions, fibrinogen (1,1 g/l), leucocytes (lymphocytes - 90 %, neutrophills - 10 %). Research of what liquid was conducted? Pleural liquid Spinal liquid Peripheral lymph Blood Central lymph It is known, that during the hard physical work, the formation of lymph is considerably increased. What is the reason of such increase? Increase of oncotic pressure of plasma of blood Reduction of oncotic pressure of plasma of blood Increase of osmotic pressure of tissue liquid D. E. 137. A. B. C. * D. E. 138. A. B. C. D. * E. 139. A. * B. C. D. E. 140. A. B. * C. D. E. 141. A. B. C. D. * E. 142. A. * B. C. D. E. 143. Reduction of osmotic pressure of tissue liquid Increase of osmotic pressure of plasma of blood What quantity of lymph is normally produced in an organism daily? Near 20 ml Near 200 ml Near 2000 ml Near 20 000 ml Near 5 000 ml On the lesson, students have conducted a test with the single overloading. After overloading, they measured the arterial pressure and found that it’s level exceeded the level which has been estimated before the test. However, the level of pulse pressure (PP) did not change. What formula should be used to calculate PP? APsyst - systolic arterial pressure; APdiast - diastolic arterial pressure; PP - pulse pressure. PP = APsyst. · APdiast PP = APsyst.: APdiast PP = APsyst. + APdiast PP = APsyst. - APdiast PP = (APsyst. - APdiast) : 3 On the experiment on a dog, it was set that a law of Starling for a heart represents: Ability of heart to increase the power of contractions during the increase of filling of his chambers with blood. Correlation of consumption of oxygen by myocardium with work, that is being done Correlation of volume of right atrium with the frequency of cardiac contractions Correlation of the cardiac ejection with the peripheral resistance Change of tonus of veins and skeletal muscles How does the work of heart of patients with the diabetes mellitus changes? Heart beat rate will be increased Heart beat rate will decrease Power of cardiac contractions will be increased Speed of conducting of excitation will decrease Speed of conducting of excitation will be increased On the lesson, through the isolated heart of frog the 3 % solution of CaCl2 was passed by. How will the heart work change? power of cardiac contractions will decrease, heart beat rate will increase speed of conducting of excitation will increase heart will stop in a diastole heart will stop in a systole decrease of excitability The Boudichi phenomenon sets the dependence of power of cardiac contractions on: Heart beat rate degree of dilatation of cardiomyocites pressure in an aorta volume of ventricles speed of conducting of excitation Doctors have prescribed the β-adrenostimulators to a patient N. with bronchial asthma. How will the work of heart after the reception of these medications change? A. B. C. * D. E. 144. A. * B. C. D. E. 145. A. * B. C. D. E. 146. A. * B. C. D. E. 147. A. * B. C. D. E. 148. A. * B. C. D. E. 149. A. B. * C. D. duration of the diastole will be increased duration of the systole will be increased duration of the diastole will decrease duration of the systole will decrease delay time of conducting of excitation in atrio-ventricular node will be increased At a patient with a syndrome of Itsenco-Coushing the production of glucocorticoids was considerably increased. How will the work of heart change? heart beat rate will increase heart beat rate will decrease speed of conducting of excitation in atrio-ventricular node will decrease power of cardiac contractions will decrease the work of heart will not change On the lesson, through the isolated heart of frog the solution was passed by. It caused the increase of heart beat rate. What solution was used? Adrenalin 1 % solution of NaCl Potassium chloride Acetylcholine NaHCO3 On the lesson, students placed the isolated heart of frog in solution. No changes in heart work happened. In what solution was the heart placed? 1 % solution of NaCl. 3 % solution of HCl 1 % solution of CaCl2 3 % solution of KCl 1 % solution of NaHCO3 Patients with heart pathologies often have the increased blood level of a hormone which decreases the reabsorbsion of Na+ and water in tubules, and is produced in a heart. What hormone has such action? Atrial sodium uretic hormone Rennin Aldosteron Vasopressin Adrenalin Doctors during the inspection defined the presence of tachycardia in the state of rest. What can be its reason? Increased function of thyroid gland Increased function of cortex of adrenal glands Increased permeability of Cl-canals of myocardium Increased tonus of the parasympathic system Change of all listed factors At a patient B., with the increased function of thyroid gland, the increase of heart beat rate is set. What is the mechanism of the thyroid hormone influence on the heart? decrease of quantity of B-adrenoreceptors increase of quantity of B-adrenoreceptors increase of quantity of N-cholinoreceptors decrease of quantity of alfa-adrenoreceptors E. 150. A. B. * C. D. E. 151. A. B. C. * D. E. 152. A. B. C. D. * E. 153. A. B. C. D. * E. 154. A. * B. C. D. E. 155. A. * B. C. D. E. 156. A. * increase of quantity of M- cholinoreceptors A 56 years old patient K, with arterial hypertension, has used diuretics for a long time, that resulted in violation of cardiac rhythm. By the change of concentration of what ion is this state conditioned? increase of K+ decrease of K+ increase of Na+ decrease of Na+ decrease of Ca2+ In what conditions does the atrial natriuretic peptide excretion increases (by the incretory auricle atrium cells)? with the increase of concentration of K+ with the decrease of concentration of K+ with the increase of volume of circulatory blood with the decrease of the volume of circulatory blood with the increase of level of Ca2+. On the lesson, the students placed the isolated heart of frog in a solution. The heart stop in a diastole happened. What solution was heart placed in? 1 % solution of NaCl. 3 % solution of NaCl 1 % solution of CaCl2 3 % solution of KCl 1 % solution of NaHCO3 On the lesson, through the isolated heart of frog the solution was passed by. It caused the decrease of heart beat rate. What solution was used? Adrenalin Histamine Calcium chloride Acetylcholine 1 % NaHCO3. At a patient with a syndrome of Cone the production of aldosteron was considerably increased. How will the work of heart change? heart beat rate will increase heart beat rate will decrease speed of conducting of excitation in atrio-ventricular node will decrease power of cardiac contractions will decrease the work of heart will not change It is known, that the heart beat rate decreases under the action of acetylcholine. What mechanism predetermines it? duration of phase of spontaneous diastolic depolarization is increased duration of phase of spontaneous diastolic depolarization decreases speed of conducting of excitation to atrio-ventricular node is increased duration of action potential is increased duration of action potential is increased Doctors have prescribed the β-adrenoblockators to a patient K. with arterial hypertension. How will the work of heart after the reception of these medications change? duration of the diastole will be increased B. C. D. E. 157. A. * B. C. D. E. 158. A. * B. C. D. E. 159. A. B. C. D. E. * 160. A. B. C. * D. E. 161. A. B. * C. D. E. 162. A. B. C. D. E. * duration of the systole will be increased duration of the diastole will decrease duration of the systole will decrease delay time of conducting of excitation in atrio-ventricular node will be decreased During the experiment on an animal, the right vagus nerve was cut. What changes would be observed? Increase of heart beat rate Increase of power of cardiac contractions Increase of speed of conducting of the excitation in an atrio-ventricular node Decrease of heart beat rate Decrease of power of cardiac contractions On the lesson, students inflicted the strong irritation of vagus nerve of a rat, that caused the heart to stop. What is the nature of this phenomenon? activation of K+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node activation of Na+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node inactivation of the Na+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node activation of the Ca2+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node inactivation of the Ca2+ - channels of the cells of sinoatrial node It is known, that in emergency therapy for the removal of the attack of paroxysmal tachycardia, doctors use the reflex, that is inducted by pressing on the eyeballs. How is this reflex called? Hering’s Holt’s Bekhterev’s Helmholt’s Ashner’s On practical the students during the experiment conducted electro-stimulation of the left vagus nerve. What effect here will be observed? Positive inotropic effect Positive chronotropic effect Negative inotropic effect Positive dromotropic effect No bathmotropic effect On the lesson, students inducted the reflex by inflicting the strikes on the anterior abdominal wall of frog. How is this reflex called? Hering’s Holt’s Bekhterev’s Valsalve’s Ashner’s It is known, that during the hard physical work, the heart beat rate is increasing. What receptors conduct the afferent information in this case? Mechanoreceptors of vessels Chemoreceptors of muscles Chemoreceptors of carotid sinus Mechanoreceptors of the right atrium Proprioreceptors 163. A. B. C. D. * E. 164. A. B. * C. D. E. 165. A. B. C. * D. E. 166. A. * B. C. D. E. 167. A. * B. C. D. E. 168. A. B. C. D. E. * 169. A. B. During the acute experiment on an animal, the superior thoracic segments of spinal cord were destroyed. How will the heart activity change in such conditions? Increase of heart beat rate Increase of power of cardiac contractions Increase of conducting speed of excitation in atrio-ventricular node Decrease of heart beat rate Decrease of end-diastolic volume On the lesson, students observed the respiratory arrhythmia. Thus on the monitor of cardioscope was evidently, that at inhalation the heart beat rate was increasing, and at exhalation - decreasing. How will the stroke volume (SV) change at the inhalation and exhalation? At inhalation will increase, at exhalation - will decrease At inhalation will decrease, at exhalation - will increase Will increase at inhalation, at exhalation will not change Will increase at exhalation, at inhalation will not change Changes of stroke volume at inhalation and exhalation would not be observed It is known, that the frequency of cardiac contractions decreases during a sleep. What mechanism causes such changes? Inhibition of sensory areas of the cerebral cortex Inhibition of motor areas of the cerebral cortex Increase of tonus of n.vagus Increase of tonus of the sympathetic nervous system Inhibition of neurons of middle hypothalamus The dicrotic wave on sphygmogram appears as a result of: Push of blood into closed semilunar valves of aorta Push of blood into closed semilunar valves of pulmonary trunk Transition of blood from ventricles in an aorta Push of blood into closed mitral valves Push of blood into closed tricuspid valves One of important haemodynamic indexes is the linear speed of blood-flow. What factor does this index depend on mainly? Total area of cross-section of vessels Length of vessel Viscosity of blood Size of stroke volume Gradient of pressure During the prophylactic examination of a 25 years old man, arterial pressure was measured on hands and feet. On which arteries at norm there must be the greatest systolic pressure? Humera Radial Aorta Femoral The dorsal artery of foot It is known, that medium speed of pulse wave in vessels makes 4-10 m/s. What factors the speed of pulse wave depends on? Power of cardiac contractions Volume of circulatory blood C. D. E. * 170. A. * B. C. D. E. 171. A. B. C. D. E. * 172. A. * B. C. D. E. 173. A. * B. C. D. E. 174. A. * B. C. D. E. 175. A. B. C. * D. E. 176. A. Size of stroke volume Viscosity of blood Elasticity of vessel walls At palpatory examination of pulse, the decrease of filling of pulse was found. What factor this property of pulse depends on mainly? volume of circulatory blood elasticity of arterial walls speed of blood-flow peripheral resistance of vessels From heart beat rate Doctors have found the arterial hypertension, with the level of pressure - 150/90 mm Hg, in a 40 years old patient. What factors can affect the increase of pressure? Volume of circulatory blood Peripheral resistance of vessels Viscosity of blood Elasticity of vessel walls All of the factors What is the main force of the blood-flow in vessels? Gradient of pressure at the beginning and at the end of vessels Gradient of resistance at the beginning and at the end of vessels Difference of pressure and resistance in vessels Gradient of volume at the beginning and at the end of vessels Difference of the diameter at the beginning and at the end of vessels During the examination, the rise of diastolic pressure was found in a 45 years old patient. Exceeding of what level of pressure testifies it? 89 mm Hg 90 mm Hg 95 mm Hg 70 mm Hg 96 mm Hg Doctors had a necessity to estimate the elasticity of large arterial vessels. Which one of the methods of research should be used for this purpose? Sphygmography Electrocardiography Phonocardiography Polycardiography Vessel scanning Functional types of vessels are: Elastic, arterial, exchange, capacitable, venous Capillary, resistive, capacitable, exchange, venous, muscular Amortizing, resistive, exchange, shunting, capacitable Muscular, capacitable, pulsating, shunting, amortizing Arterial, venous, capillary, resistive, shunting Doctors have conducted the registration of a sphygmogram of a patient with insufficiency of aortic valves. How can a sphygmoraphic curve change in this case? amplitude of anacrote will decrease B. C. D. duration of catacrote will be increased amplitude of the dicrotic rise will be increased amplitude of the dicrotic rise will be decreased duration of anacrote and catacrote will decrease What factor the speed of blood flow in vessels depends from mainly? length of vessel size of stroke volume total area of the transversal section of vessel of stroke volume elasticity of vessel walls At palpatory research of pulse, the increase of tension of pulse is set. What factor this property of pulse depends on mainly? volume of circulatory blood elasticity of arterial walls speed of blood-flow peripheral resistance of vessels From heart beat rate During the examination, the rise of systolic pressure was found in a 45 years old patient. Exceeding of what level of pressure testifies it? 129 mm Hg 139 mm Hg 149 mm Hg 159 mm Hg 130 mm Hg Name 5 types of vessels, which belong to the microcirculation. Capillaries, arteriols, precapillaries, amortizing, vessels-shunts Resistive postcapillaries, capacitable, capillaries, arteriols, precapillaries Vessels-shunts, precapillaries, amortizing, arteriols, postcapillaries Capacitable vessels, amortizing, arteriols, capillaries, venules Arteriols, precapillaries, capillaries, vessels-shunts, resistive postcapillaries What substances pass through the wall of capillaries of spleen? Plasma and unharmed formed elements Plasma and fragments of blood cells Plasma without high molecular albumens Plasma without fibrinogen Plasma without albumens During the ultrastructure examination of a tissue sample, researchers found that the walls of capillaries consist of a layer of endothelial cells, with small spaces ( less than 0.1mcm ) between them. What type these capillaries belong to? Visceral Plasmatic Somatic Sinusoid E. Lymphatic C. D. * E. 177. A. B. C. * D. E. 178. A. B. * C. D. E. 179. A. B. * C. D. E. 180. A. B. C. D. E. * 181. A. * B. C. D. E. 182. A. * B. 183. A. B. C. * D. E. 184. A. B. C. D. * E. 185. A. B. C. * D. E. 186. A. B. * C. D. E. 187. A. B. * C. D. E. 188. A. B. C. * D. E. 189. A patient B., 68 years old, has ischemic heart disease with insufficiency of blood-circulation of ІІІ grade. At the examination, the edemata is set on the lower extremities. What changes of microcirculation could lead to development of edemata? Increase of oncotic pressure of blood Decrease of oncotic pressure of blood Increase of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary Decrease of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary Decrease of hydrostatical pressure in the arterial end of capillary While conducting the test of Conchalovsky the increase of quantity of point hemorrhages is exposed on a forearm in a circle with a diameter of 5 cm. What is the normal quantity of hemorrhages in this circle? Up to 5 Up to 3 Up to 8 Up to 10 Up to 12 While conducting the electronic microscopy of a sample of tissue, capillaries that have the continuous layer of endothelial cells and a basal membrane were found. Sample of what tissue was examined? Kidneys Liver Cerebrum Bone marrow Intestine While conducting the electronic microscopy of a sample of tissue, capillaries that have the fenesters in endothelium (more than 0,1 mcm wide) with a practically absent basal membrane were found. Sample of what tissue was examined? Cerebrum Bone marrow Muscle Skin Urinary bladder During the experiment, by a direct method, it was established that the size of hydrostatical pressure in the arterial end of capillary was evened 36 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? Filtration will be increased Filtration will decreased Reabsorbtion will decreased Filtration and reabsorbtion will be increased Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease During the experiment, it was set by a direct method, that the size of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary was evened 21 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? reabsorbtion will be increased, filtration will decrease Filtration will decrease reabsorbtion will decrease Filtration and reabsorbtion will be increased Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease Give determination to the phenomenon of Foreus-Lindkvist: A. * B. C. D. E. 190. A. B. C. * D. E. 191. A. B. C. D. * E. 192. A. B. * C. D. E. 193. A. B. C. * D. E. 194. A. B. * C. D. E. 195. A. B. * With the decrease of the diameter of vessel the speed of blood-flow grows With the increase of the diameter of vessel the speed of blood-flow grows With the decrease of the diameter of vessel the speed of blood-flow diminishes With the decrease of the diameter, peripheral resistance of vessels grows With the decrease of the diameter peripheral resistance is increasing During the ultrastructure examination of a tissue sample, researchers found that the walls of capillaries consist of a continuous layer of endothelial cells and basal membrane. What type these capillaries belong to? Visceral Plasmatic Somatic Sinusoid Lymphatic During the ultrastructure examination of a tissue sample, researchers found that the walls of capillaries consist of a layer of endothelial cells, with spaces ( more than 0.1mcm ) between them and practically absent basal membrane. What type these capillaries belong to? Visceral Plasmatic Somatic Sinusoid Lymphatic A 42 years old patient C. with chronic glomerulonephritis, considerable proteinuria is set (excretion of albumen with urine). At the examination, doctors found the edemata of face. What changes in a microcirculation could lead to development of edemata? Increase of oncotic pressure of blood Decrease of oncotic pressure of blood Increase of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary Decrease of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary Decrease of hydrostatical pressure in the arterial end of capillary While conducting the electronic microscopy of a sample of tissue, capillaries that have the continuous layer of endothelial cells and a basal membrane were found. Sample of what tissue was examined? Kidneys Liver Muscle Bone marrow Intestine While conducting the electronic microscopy of a sample of tissue, capillaries that have the fenesters in endothelium and pores in a basal membrane, were found. Sample of what tissue was examined? Cerebrum Liver Muscle Skin Urinary bladder During the experiment it is set by a direct method, that the size of hydrostatical pressure in the arterial end of capillary was evened about 26 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? Filtration will be increased Filtration will decreased C. D. E. 196. A. B. C. D. * E. 197. A. B. * C. D. E. 198. A. B. * C. D. E. 199. A. B. C. D. * E. 200. A. B. C. * D. E. 201. A. B. * C. Reabsorbtion will decreased Filtration and reabsorbtion will be increased Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease As a result of the protracted starvation, at a 36 years old man, the quantity of albumens decreased in plasma of blood to 25 g/l. It led to the decline of oncotic pressure of plasma of blood to 20 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? Filtration will decrease, reabsorbtion will be increased Filtration will decrease reabsorbtion will decrease Filtration will be increased, reabsorbtion will diminish Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease During the experiment, it was set by a direct method, that the size of hydrostatical pressure in the venous end of capillary was evened 15 mm Hg. How will filtration and reabsorbtion change in a microcirculation here? Filtration will decrease Reabsorbtion will increase Filtration and reabsorbtion will increase Filtration and reabsorbtion will decrease Reabsorbtion will decrease, filtration will be increased Name 5 factors which cause the movement of blood in veins Difference of pressure in the venous system, quantity of circulatory blood, tone of vessels, viscosity of blood, resistance in vessels Difference of pressure in the venous system, negative pressure in a thoracic cavity, contractions of skeletal muscles, diaphragmal pump, contraction of walls of veins Negative pressure in a thorax, diaphragmal pump, difference of pressure, valves of veins, contraction of muscles Difference of pressure, valves of veins, contraction of muscles Difference of pressure, valves of veins, tonus of veins, contraction of muscles During conducting of march test, the expansion and increase of blood-filling of superficial veins of right shin (leg) was observed. What is the most credible reason of this? Insufficiency of valves of superficial veins Insufficiency of valves of perforantive veins Violation of permeability of superficial veins Violation of permeability of deep veins Violation of permeability of perforantive veins While examining a 42 years old patient C., doctors have suspected the violation of permeability of deep veins of right leg. What test should be conducted in order to prove this diagnosis? Test Troyanova-Trendelenbourga Test Sheynisa Test of Delbe -Pertesa Test Valsalvi Test with the single physical loading. While examining a 33 years old patient B., doctors have suspected a violation of function of valves of perforantive veins. What test should be conducted in order to prove this diagnosis? Test Troyanova-Trendelenbourga Test Sheynisa Test of Delbe -Pertesa D. Test Valsalvi E. 202. Test with the single physical loading To the patient, for estimation of the permeability and function of valves of veins, it was recommended to do tourniquet tests. During the test of Troyanov-Trendelenbourg, the expansion of superficial veins was observed. For estimation of valves of what veins this test is usually used? Superficial Deep Caval Cranial Perforantive While conducting the test of Sheynise, expansion and increase of blood-filling of superficial veins of right leg was observed. What is the most possible reason of this state? Insufficiency of valves of superficial veins Insufficiency of valves of perforantive veins Violation of permeability of superficial veins Violation of permeability of deep veins Violation of permeability of perforantive veins What type of transport provides the penetration of high molecular albumens in a lymph? Diffusion Osmosis Primary active transport Pinocytosis Filtration In a laboratory, the time of lymph-clotting was determined and was set, that it is higher normal one. What is the normal duration of clotting of lymph? Up to 3 min Up to 5 min 5 - 10 min 60-120 sec 10-15 min Name 5 functions of lymph Protective, thermoregulatory, excretion, transport, filtration Barrier, excretory, protective, homeostatic, transference of nutritives Drainage, support of volume of tissue liquid Excretion, protection, drainage, homeostatic, barrier Support of volume of tissue liquid, transference of nutritives, filtration, barrier, participation in the immunological reactions The 68 years old patient Z., with ischemic illness of the heart, had his venous pressure measured, which in vena ulnaris made 340 mm of waters column. What size of pressure must is normal in this case? mm of mercury column 45-85 45-120 mm of water column. 45-120 mm of mercury column 300-400 mm of mercury column Up to 139 mm of mercury column. At a 63 years old patient B., with arterial hypertension, the increase of amplitude of wave "c" was set on the phlebogram. What process forms this wave on the phlebogram? A. * B. C. D. E. 203. A. B. * C. D. E. 204. A. B. C. D. * E. 205. A. B. C. D. E. * 206. A. B. C. D. E. * 207. A. B. * C. D. E. 208. A. B. C. * D. E. 209. A. * B. C. D. E. 210. A. B. C. D. * E. 211. A. B. * C. D. E. 212. A. * B. C. D. E. 213. A. B. C. D. E. * 214. A. Transmission of pulsation of carotid on a jugular vein Systole of the right ventricle Systole of the right atrium Systole of the left atrium Relaxation of ventricles. 33 years old patient, has complains on pains and swelling of the left shin (leg). She was suspected to have the violation of functions of valves of v. saphena magna. What test should be conducted in order to prove this diagnosis? Test Troyanova-Trendelenbourga Test Sheynisa Test of Delbe -Pertesa Test Valsalvi Test with the single physical loading To the patient, for estimation of the permeability and function of valves of veins, it was recommended to do tourniquet tests. During the tree-tourniquet test, the expansion of superficial veins was observed. For estimation of valves of what veins this test is usually used? Superficial Deep Caval Perforantive Cranial To the patient, for estimation of the permeability and function of valves of veins, it was recommended to do tourniquet tests. During the march test, the expansion of superficial veins was observed. For estimation of valves of what veins this test is usually used? Superficial Deep Caval. Perforantive Cranial While conducting the test of Troyanov-Trendelenbourg, the expansion and increase of blood-filling of superficial veins of right shin was observed. What is the most possible reason of this state? Insufficiency of valves of superficial veins Insufficiency of valves of perforantive veins Violation of permeability of superficial veins Violation of passing ability of deep veins Violation of permeability of perforantive veins In a laboratory, the research of definite liquid was conducted. Cations, anions, fibrinogen (1,1 g/l), leucocytes (lymphocytes - 90 %, neutrophills - 10 %). Research of what liquid was conducted? Pleural liquid Spinal liquid Peripheral lymph Blood Central lymph It is known, that during the hard physical work, the formation of lymph is considerably increased. What is the reason of such increase? Increase of oncotic pressure of plasma of blood B. C. * D. E. 215. A. B. C. * D. E. 216. A. B. C. D. * E. 217. A. * B. C. D. E. 218. A. * B. C. D. E. 219. A. * B. C. D. E. 220. A. * B. C. D. 221. Reduction of oncotic pressure of plasma of blood Increase of osmotic pressure of tissue liquid Reduction of osmotic pressure of tissue liquid Increase of osmotic pressure of plasma of blood What quantity of lymph is normally produced in an organism daily? Near 20 ml Near 200 ml Near 2000 ml Near 20 000 ml Near 5 000 ml On the lesson, students have conducted a test with the single overloading. After overloading, they measured the arterial pressure and found that it’s level exceeded the level which has been estimated before the test. However, the level of pulse pressure (PP) did not change. What formula should be used to calculate PP? APsyst - systolic arterial pressure; APdiast - diastolic arterial pressure; PP - pulse pressure. PP = APsyst. · APdiast PP = APsyst.: APdiast PP = APsyst. + APdiast PP = APsyst. - APdiast PP = (APsyst. - APdiast) : 3 ?Mean circulatory pressure: is the equilibrium pressure in vessels that exists with zero flow is increased with decreases in blood volume is increased with vasoconstriction is increased with venodilation is enhanced by increased cardiac contractility Which of the following does NOT have a positive inotropic effect on cardiac muscle? decrease external [Ca+2] norepinephrine decrease external [K+] inhibition of the Na/K pump increase frequency of stimulation All of the following are true concerning the cutaneous circulation EXCEPT: Increased environmental temperatures constrict blood vessels Activation of sweat glands during heat exposure helps to dissipate heat. Neural mechanisms are the most important control of cutaneous blood vessels. The Triple Response of Lewis consists of a flare, resulting form an axon reflex to dilate neighboring vessels. AV anastomoses are found in hands, feet and some areas of the face.. Coronary blood flow is primarily regulated by: metabolic demand parasympathetic nervous system epinephrine sympathetic nervous system During exercise, all of the following events occur EXCEPT: A. * B. C. D. E. 222. A. * B. C. D. E. 223. A. * B. C. D. E. 224. A. * B. C. D. E. 225. A. * B. C. D. E. 226. A. * B. C. D. E. 227. A. * B. In normal individuals, the increase in cardiac output is attained primarily by increases in stroke volume rather than heart rate Skeletal muscle blood flow is increased during exercise due in part to vasodilator metabolite production. Starling's Law of the heart contributes to an increase in stroke volume only with very strenuous exercise. As mean arterial pressure increases during exercise, the increase in cardiac output must be greater than the reduction in total peripheral resistance. Total peripheral resistance decreases during exercise due to increased blood flow through skeletal muscle. Norepinephrine would have which of the following effects on the Sa node? decrease rate of rise of phase 4 spontaneous depolarization increase Ca2+ conductance make the resting membrane potential of the cell more negative (hyperpolarize) increase K+ conductance decrease rate of rise of phase 4 spontaneous depolarization increase all of the above The R wave of the ECG represents depolarization of: ventricular miocardium atrial muscle base of the ventricles SA node interventricular septum Which of the following sets of leads records the electrical activity of the heart in the transverse plane? precordial unipolar leads precordial and augmented unipolar leads standard bipolar leads precordial unipolar and standard bipolar limb leads augmented unipolar leads Which of the following events is mediated by the activation of the Parasympathetic Nervous System? contraction of sphincter muscles of the eye relaxation of bronchioles renin secretion from the kidney constriction of arterioles lipolysis All the following statements about neurotransmitters of the Autonomic Nervous System are true EXCEPT: The neurotransmitter of sympathetic preganglionic nerve terminals is norepinephrine Nerves that release acetylcholine are called cholinergic nerves The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla releases mostly epinephrine and a small amount of norepinephrine Postganglionic sympathetic fibers to sweat glands release acetylcholine All postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release acetylcholine A TRUE statement about cholinergic receptors is: atropine, an M receptor antagonist, blocks the effects of postganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation to sweat glands blocking Nm receptors would prevent activation of the parasympathetic nervous system only C. D. E. 228. A. * B. C. D. E. 229. A. * B. C. D. E. 230. A. * B. C. D. E. 231. A. * B. C. D. E. 232. A. * B. C. D. E. 233. A. * B. C. D. E. 234. A. * B. C. tubocurarine, a Nm receptor antagonist, blocks the secretion of catecholamines from adrenal medulla trimethaphan, a Nn receptor antagonist, would block the actions of acetylcholine to directly contract the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder acetylcholine activates M receptors at skeletal muscle neuromuscular junction to produce a contraction Which of the following is TRUE of fast but not slow response action potentials in cardiac muscle? phase 0 depolarization is due to Na resting membrane potentials occur at more positive values for fast than slow response there is no phase 1 occurs in SA and AV nodal tissue depolarization can be reduced by Ca channel blockers Closure of the aortic valve occurs at the onset of which phase of the cardiac cycle? isovolumetric relaxation rapid ejection isovolumetric contraction atrial systole rapid ventricular filling Which of the following events occurs during rapid ejection? ventricular pressure increases the T wave of the ECG mitral valve closes aortic blood flow decreases the first heart sound The second heart sound is produced by: closure of the aortic valve opening of semilunar valves opening of AV valves closure of AV valves closure of the mitral valve Which of the following conditions would increase the afterload placed on the ventricle? All of the above Aortic valve stenosis Increased total peripheral resistance Emboli Hypertension If flow remains constant, the widening of a blood vessel would result in: an increase in potential energy and a decrease in kinetic energy an increase in velocity a decrease in potential energy but no change in kinetic energy an increase in gravitational energy an increase in total energy A doubling of both vessel radius and length would produce which of the following effects on resistance to flow? decrease by a factor of 8 decrease by a factor of 16 no change D. E. 235. A. * B. C. D. E. 236. A. * B. C. D. E. 237. A. * B. C. D. E. 238. A. * B. C. D. E. 239. A. * B. C. D. E. 240. A. * B. C. D. E. 241. A. * B. increase by a factor of 8 increase by a factor of 16 Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning resistance to flow The greatest resistance to flow in the cardiovascular system can occur in the arterioles due to their thick muscle coat. For vessels arranged in series, the total resistance is determined by summing the reciprocals of the individual resistance's An increase in hematocrit would decrease resistance to flow For vessels arranged in parallel, the individual resistance's are less than the total resistance of the system. Flow is directly proportional to resistance Turbulence: flow occurs with high velocities of blood flow occurs in small diameter vessels occurs with increased production of red blood cells is determined by the Law of Laplace requires a lower pressure to maintain In polycythemia, the increase in red blood cell production will result in which of the following: Reynold's number will decrease resistance to flow would decrease decrease in heart work flow is increased viscosity is reduced Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding vessel compliance veins are much more compliant than arteries arterial compliance increases with age pulse pressure is not affected by compliance arterial compliance determines the new level of mean arterial pressure resulting from a change in cardiac output lymph vesseis are much more compliant than arteries An individual with a blood pressure of 140/90: has a pulse pressure of 50 mm Hg has a mean arterial pressure of 140 mm Hg systolic pressure has not been determined has a diastolic pressure of 140 mm Hg has a heart rate of 100 beats per minute All of the following are true concerning mean arterial pressure EXCEPT: It is dependent on arterial compliance It is the average pressure in the aorta over time It is directly proportional to cardiac output It would be increased with an increase in stroke volume but not change in heart rate or TPR It is directly proportional to total peripheral resistance An individual in which heart rate, total peripheral resistance and compliance are kept constant, and increase in stroke volume results in: pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure are both increased no change in pulse pressure or mean arterial pressure C. D. E. 242. A. * B. C. D. E. 243. A. * B. C. D. E. 244. A. * B. C. D. E. 245. A. * B. C. D. E. 246. A. * B. C. D. E. 247. A. * B. C. D. E. 248. A. * B. pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure are both decreased pulse pressure is increased and mean arterial pressure is decreased pulse pressure is decreased and mean arterial pressure is increased Which of the following is a TRUE statement concerning capillaries? Smooth muscle in arterioles and precapillary sphincters controls flow through capillaries Continuous capillaries are found in the liver Fenestrated capillaries allow blood cells to cross the endothelial cells The endothelial cells are an inert barrier separating blood and tissues Discontinuous capillaries have narrow gaps between cells Which of the following statements is TRUE All of the above Decreasing radius will reduce wall tension with increasing transmural pressures Transmural pressure expands the vessel until it is balanced by wall tension A dilated heart (increased radius), must generate more wall tension to generate a given ventricular pressure Larger vessels tend to have larger wall tensions than smaller vessels at any given pressure Filtration is increased by: a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure a decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure a decrease in venous pressure an increase in interstitial hydrostatic pressure all of the above Edema will NOT be produced by: hyperalbuminemia hypervolemia histamine obstruction of lymph vessels increased venous pressures Venous return in exercise, would be increased by: all of the above increase heart rate increased respiration increased muscle activity increased sympathetic nerve activity Which statement best describes Autoregulation? The myogenic hypothesis explains the constant flow seen with arterial pressures between 70 and 180 mm Hg Active hyperemia can be explained by the Law of Laplace The decrease in radius seen with an increase in arterial pressure is due to release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves. Reactive hyperemia could be due to an increase in oxygen levels in blood vessels Nitric oxide could be involved in the increase in resistance seen with increased arterial pressure Which of the following agents would result in vasoconstriction? angiotensin II histamine C. D. E. 249. A. * B. C. D. E. 250. A. * B. C. D. E. 251. A. * B. C. D. E. 252. A. * B. C. D. 253. A. * B. C. D. E. 254. A. * B. C. D. E. 255. A. * B. C. acetylcholine bradykinin Prostacyclin (Prostaglandin I2) Epinephrine can produce a vasodilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels by activation of which receptor? B2 receptors B1 receptors B3 receptors alpha 1 receptors alpha 2 receptors An increase in the pressure at the carotid sinus will result in all of the following EXCEPT: an increase in sympathetic activity to veins a decrease in cardiac output vasodilation a decrease in heart rate a decrease in total peripheral resistance Norepinephrine activates which receptor to increase heart rate? beta 1 receptors alpha 2 receptors alpha 1 receptors beta 2 receptors beta 3 receptors A decrease in afterload between heart beats, with constant EDV and contractility, would result in all of the following in the next beat EXCEPT? increase in end systolic volume increase in stroke volume decrease in peak left ventricular pressure increase in ejection fraction Stroke volume can be decreased by: decreased respiratory rate lying down with legs raised decrease in right atrial pressure a positive inotropic agent hypotension A drug is given to your patient that only increases conduction of action potentials through the AV nodE. You predict that this drug would have which of the following effects on the patient's ECG? decrease P-R interval decrease amplitude of T wave decrease QRS amplitude shift in mean electrical axis to left increase P wave duration Which of the following is an accurate statement about cardiac muscle? Ca entering the cell triggers release of more Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Thick and thin filaments are not arranged in sarcomeres Calmodulin is involved in excitation contraction coupling D. E. 256. A. * B. C. D. E. 257. A. * B. C. D. E. 258. A. * B. C. D. E. 259. A. * B. C. D. E. 260. A. * B. C. D. E. 261. A. * B. C. D. 262. A. * B. C. D. E. Energy for contraction is derived totally from anaerobic Contractile force can be varied by the number of muscle fibers activated A negative inotropic agent would produce which of the following effects on cardiac performance? decrease the velocity of shortening for any given level of afterload decrease end diastolic pressure increase the rate of relaxation of cardiac muscle increase the force of contraction for any given level of end diastolic volume increase the rate of rise of ventricular pressure The gray matter of the spinal cord contains all of the above synapses axons dendrites cell bodies of neurons Which of the following in NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic system preganglionic cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar preganglionic axons are long and postganglionic axons are short dominates during rest preganglionic axons exhibit less divergence (innervate fewer postganglionic cells) than those of the sympathetic system causes constriction of the pupil The increase in heart rate and contractility resulting from increased sympathetic activity is mediated by: beta 1 receptors alpha 1 receptors beta 2 receptors M 1 receptors M 2 receptors A true statement about receptors of the ANS is: in most, if not all, instances effects of receptor activation are mediated by G-protein activated processes NE is a more potent than isoproterenol on beta receptors the receptors on the target organs of the parasympathetic system are nicotinic activation of beta receptors reduces cAMP levels the responses activated through muscarinic receptors are usually faster than those activated through nicotinic receptors A change in conductance to which ion is responsible for repolarization of the cardiac action potential? K Na Ca Cl Tissue perfusion is regulated mainly by: Arterioles Capillaries Venules Aorta Arteries 263. A. * B. C. D. 264. A. * B. C. D. E. 265. A. * B. C. D. E. 266. A. * B. C. D. E. 267. A. * B. C. D. E. 268. A. * B. C. D. E. 269. A. * B. C. D. E. The cardiac cell refractory period is determined by the reactivation of which of the following ion channels Na Cl K Ca Calcium conductance is highest during which phase of the cardiac action potential in ventricular muscle? Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 0 Phase 3 Phase 4 Stimulation of the adrenergic receptors on the pacemaker cells of the heart increases in the membrane conductance to: Ca Na K Cl K and Na Conduction velocity is the slowest in the heart through the AV node Atrial muscle Bundle of His Purkinje fibers Ventricular muscle Stimulation of the vagus nerve causes which of the following effects on the heart? increases resting potential ( hyperpolarizes) increases the slope of the pacemaker potential increases heart rate increases AV conduction increases contractility Administration of a drug to a patient produces an increase in conduction velocity in the AV node only. This will produce which of the following effects on this patient's electrocardiogram: a decrease in PR interval a decrease in T wave amplitude a decrease in P wave duration a decrease in QRS duration a decrease in QT interval The precordial leads are: leads V1 to V6 standard limb leads augmented limb leads bipolar leads standard and augmented limb leads 270. A. * B. C. D. E. 271. A. * B. C. D. E. 272. A. * B. C. D. E. 273. A. * B. C. D. E. 274. A. * B. C. D. E. 275. A. * B. C. D. E. 276. A. * B. C. D. E. 277. A. * B. The T wave of the ECG represents Ventricular repolarization Atrial repolarization Ventricular depolarization Atrial depolarization Papillary muscle depolarization Which of the following parts of the ECG represents depolarization of the SA node? none of the above QRS complex PR interval T wave P wave Hypokalemia has all of the following effects EXCEPT shortens QT interval reduces K permeability increased prominence of U wave flattening of T wave no answer In which of the following arrhythmia's would you most likely see a change in the QRS complex? premature ventricular contractions junctional premature contractions atrial premature contractions atrial fibrillation first degree heart block In left bundle branch block: the QRS complex duration is prolonged the right and left ventricles are depolarized simultaneously the T wave is unaffected the left ventricle is depolarized first the left atrium is not depolarized Which of the following DOES NOT produce a positive inotropic response? Calcium channel blocker Increase in intracellular [Na] Norepinephrine Thyroid hormone Increased frequency of stimulation Which of the following variables DOES NOT describe the y-axis of the Starling curve? ventricular end diastolic volume ventricular systolic pressure stroke volume stroke work contractile force A 50% reduction in both tube length and radius will reduce flow by a factor of: 8 4 C. D. E. 278. A. * B. C. D. 279. A. * B. C. D. E. 280. A. * B. C. D. E. 281. A. B. * C. D. E. 282. A. * B. C. D. E. 283. A. * B. C. D. E. 284. A. * B. C. D. 2 16 32 Flow is inversely proportional to: the resistance the pressure gradient the radius the velocity Turbulence is more likely to occur in a blood vessel if: the velocity of blood within the vessel is increased the viscosity of the blood within the vessel is increased the diameter of the vessel decreases the density of the blood decreases the length of the vessel increases An individual with a blood pressure of 130/73 has a pulse pressure of 57 mm Hg has a mean arterial pressure of 130 mm Hg has a systolic pressure of 73 mm Hg has a diastolic pressure of 92 mm Hg is suffering from hypotension All the following statements are true concerning arterial compliance EXCEPT: arterial compliance with hypotetension decreases arterial compliance increases with hypertension arterial compliance decreases with age arterial compliance is the slope of the aortic static pressure - volume relationship With an increase in cardiac output, the new mean arterial pressure value is independent of arterial compliance An increase in heart rate results in: a decrease in duration of the refractory period a decrease in sarcoplasmic Ca levels an increase in action potential duration a decrease in K conductance a decrease in developed force An increase in mean arterial pressure will result from which of the following: all of the above an increase in stroke volume an increase in cardiac output an increase in heart rate none of the above In an individual with constant cardiac output and total peripheral resistance, an increase in arterial compliance results in: a decrease in pulse pressure an increase in mean arterial pressure an increase in cardiac work both a and c E. 285. A. * B. C. D. E. 286. A. * B. C. D. E. 287. A. * B. C. D. E. 288. A. * B. C. D. E. 289. A. * B. C. D. E. 290. A. * B. C. D. E. 291. A. * B. C. D. both b and c The natural pacemaker of the heart: has a gradually depolarizing phase 4 is the AV node is inhibited by fast sodium channel blockers (tetrodotoxin) 4 demonstrates fast response action potentials is not innervated by the Autonomic nervous system Incisura on the descending limb of the aortic pressure curve is due to: closure of the aortic valve closure of the mitral valve ventricular systole atrial systole atrial repolarization Which of the following statements BEST describes the Parasympathetic Nervous System? Preganglionic fibers form the pelvic splanchnic nerves Preganglionic cell bodies can be found in the intermediolateral cell column at the level of the spinal cord It innervates the adrenal medulla Have long postganglionic and short preganglionic fibers Preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic cell bodies in the paravertebral ganglia A B2 adrenoceptor antagonist would block which of the following events mediated by norepinephrine? vessels, bronchiole relaxation lipolysis pupil constriction constriction of blood all of the above Stimulation of the Parasympathetic Nervous System would produce: contraction of the sphincter muscle of the eye increased heart rate ejaculation relaxation of Gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle contraction of the bladder internal sphincter Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning transmitters and receptors of the Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems? End organs innervated by postganglionic Parasympathetic fibers have M receptors All postganglionic Sympathetic fibers release acetylcholine Epinephrine is the major transmitter of the preganglionic Sympathetic fibers Skeletal muscle has NN receptors on the postsynaptic cell Acetylcholine activates alpha receptors on all postganglionic cell bodies Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the heart valves? The mitral valve closes when ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure The tricuspid valve is between the left atrium and ventricle The ventricular pressure required to open the right semilunar valve is greater than that to open the left semilunar valve During rapid ejection, both semilunar and atrioventricular valves are open E. 292. A. * B. C. D. E. 293. A. * B. C. D. E. 294. A. * B. C. D. E. 295. A. * B. C. D. E. 296. A. * B. C. D. E. 297. A. * B. C. D. E. 298. A. * B. C. D. E. During diastole, the semilunar valves are open Resistance vessels have more ______ than similar sized capacitance vessels smooth muscle elastic tissue endothelial cells compliance valves Inhibition of channel(s) responsible of Ik will produce which of the following effects on the fast response action potential both b and c are correct increase amplitude of plateau phase increase action potential duration both a and b are correct increase amplitude of Phase 0 Stimulation of the Sympathetic nerves to the heart would result in : a decrease in the interval between the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex a decrease in the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum a decrease in levels of cAMP a decrease in ICa through L-type channels a decrease in If Post-repolarization refractoriness: both d and b are correct causes a ventricular protective effect in atrial fibrillation is usually seen in ventricular muscle is due to the slow recovery of Ca channels all of the above are correct The duration of ventricular systole is represented on the ECG by: QT interval RR interval PR interval PP interval ST interval Which of the following is correct concerning ECG leads? Einthoven's Triangle consists of leads I, II, and III The positive pole of Lead II is at 0o the hexaxial reference system consists of the precordial and Standard Limb leads The precordial leads measure in the frontal plane the augmented leads are part of the transverse plane leads If a patient has a QRS complex that is positive in lead II and negative in aVR, what is their mean electrical axis? between -30 and +120 between -30 and -120 between +150 and -120 between -150 and -60 left axis deviation 299. A. * B. C. D. E. 300. A. * B. C. D. E. 301. A. * B. C. D. E. 302. A. * B. C. D. E. 303. A. * B. C. D. E. 304. A. * B. C. D. E. 305. A. * B. C. D. E. 306. A. * In sinus arrest: only b and e are correct there is a depression of impulse formation in the SA node. there is an increase in the PR interval there can be long pauses between P waves action potentials are blocked as they exit the SA node Reentry: only b and c are correct involves an area of unidirectional block and decremental conduction can occur in areas that are partially depolarized only a and b are correct can occur when two different pathways between two points have homogenous electrophysiological properties Which of the following is TRUE of cardiac muscle BUT NOT of skeletal muscle? The cells are electrically coupled to each other It contains tropomyosin and troponin Ca binds to troponin It is striated muscle. All of the above Cardiac contractility is increased by: inhibition of the Na/K pump a decrease in the length of the plateau phase of the action potential a decrease in heart rate and increase in [Na]o calcium channel blockers Which of the following statements about myocardial performance is correct? only d and c are correct An increase in afterload will increase stroke volume A delay between beats will be followed by a larger contraction An increase in preload will increase peak left ventricular pressure all of the above are correct A decrease in afterload before the next cardiac cycle will: increase velocity of shortening of the left ventricle increase residual volume in the left ventricle decrease stroke volume increase maximal wall tension in the left ventricle all of the above Isovolumic relaxation is associated with: a decrease in left ventricular pressure the opening of the semilunar valves the first heart sound a decrease in left atrial pressure a decrease in left ventricular volume In which phase of the cardiac cycle is both the mitral valve open and ventricular pressure falling rapid ventricular filling B. C. D. E. 307. A. * B. C. D. E. 308. A. * B. C. D. E. 309. A. * B. C. D. E. 310. A. * B. C. D. E. 311. A. * B. C. D. E. 312. A. * B. C. D. E. 313. A. B. * C. D. rapid ejection isovolumic contraction atrial systole reduced ventricular filling During atrial systole the mitral valve is open and the aortic valve is closed the semilunar valves are open and the AV valves are closed both sets of valves are open the tricuspid valve is closed and the pulmonic valve is open both sets of valves are closed Ejection fraction is: all of the above an index of contractility increased immediately after a decrease in afterload normally 0.67 comparing volume of blood ejected to volume filling the heart before systole Which of the following statements concerning Energy is correct? increase in velocity, will increase the kinetic energy component Kinetic energy makes up to 10-15% of the total energy on the arterial side of the circulatory system Total energy is constant along the entire length of the circulatory system Gravitational energy is increased in vessels above the heart An In aortic stenosis, the pressure energy component increases The greatest increase in blood flow would occur with: a doubling of the vessel radius a doubling of the pressure gradient and a doubling of vessel length a halving of the blood viscosity and increasing the pressure gradient by a factor fo 4 a halving of both blood viscosity and vessel length a doubling of vessel radius and a doubling of blood viscosity In an aortic aneurysm, there is: all of the above are correct an increase in wall stress an increase in the probability of turbulent flow only a and b are correct an increase in pressure energy The viscosity of blood is decreased by: All listed a decrease in tube diameter an increase in shear rate anemia a decrease in hematocrit Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning compliance? all of the above At extremely large volumes, arterial compliance increases Compliance is the slope of the aortic static pressure - volume curve arteries are less compliant than veins E. 314. A. * B. C. D. E. 315. A. * B. C. D. E. 316. A. * B. C. D. E. 317. A. * B. C. D. E. 318. A. * B. C. D. E. 319. A. * B. C. D. E. 320. A. * B. C. laying down of collagen in arteries decreases compliance Which of the following statements are correct? only b and c are correct pulse pressure increases with a decrease in compliance pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure can change independently of each other a change in arterial compliance will result in a change in mean arterial pressure all of the above are correct The following information was obtained from a patient while trying to determine the perfect firing rate for a new implanted pacemaker. When the heart was paced at 60 bpm, Stroke volume = 80 ml and Cardiac output = 4.8L/min, and when paced at 100 bpm, stoke volume = 48 ml and Cardiac output = 4.8L/min. Total peripheral resistance was unchanged at both pacing rates. When pacing was increased from 60 to 100 bpm, you would expect ______ in mean arterial pressure and ______ in pulse pressure. no change; a decrease an increase; an increase an increase; no change no change; an increase a decrease; no change Which of the following statements is correct? systolic pressure is the pressure attained at the peak of ventricular systole mean arterial pressure is the difference between the highest and lowest aortic pressures during one cardiac cycle the dicrotic notch is due to closing of the mitral valve diastolic pressure is decreased by an increase in heart rate pulse pressure is determined by measuring the area under the curve and dividing by the time interval Which of the following is TRUE concerning capillaries? discontinuous capillaries allow cells to pass out of them at rest, all capillaries of a tissue are open Fenestrated capillaries allow cells to pass out of them pressures at the venous ends are greater than those at the arterial end of capillaries precapillary sphincters control blood flow into venules The Law of Laplace explains: a, b and c are correct a small vessel radius reducing wall tension the greater the wall stress, the greater the pressure generated by the ventricle only a and b are correct a thick muscular coat reducing wall stress Which of the following are correct concerning the driving forces for filtration? capillary hydrostatic pressure generally decreases along the length of the capillary capillary hydrostatic pressure is directly proportional to arterial resistance interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is decreased in edema capillary oncotic pressure is primarily determined by venous pressures interstitial colloid osmotic pressure is a force that favors absorption Absorption is decreased by: all of the above liver disease inflammation D. E. 321. A. * B. C. D. E. 322. A. * B. C. D. E. 323. A. * B. C. D. E. 324. A. * B. C. D. E. 325. A. * B. C. D. E. 326. A. * B. C. D. E. 327. A. * B. C. D. venous obstruction dilation of arterioles Which of the following statements BEST describes myogenic control of the peripheral circulation? with an increase in pressure, the increase wall tension results in a reduction in vessel radius it is another name for vasomotor tone with an increase in tissue activity, there is an increase in blood flow mediated via substances released from active tissues substances released from endothelial cells control vessel radius it is extrinsic control of vessel radius The firing rate of the carotid sinus baroreceptors afferent fibers would be increased by: a transfusion a decrease in total peripheral resistance a decrease in pulse pressure only a and b are correct only a and c are correct A true statement concerning the influence of Sympathetic Nervous System on the circulatory system is: Sympathetic stimulation decreases circulating blood volume during exercise Decreasing Sympathetic activity to the vessels produces a generalized vasodilation Sympathetic stimulation decreases total peripheral resistance Sympathetic stimulation decreases circulating blood volume during exercise Epinephrine activates B2 adrenoceptors producing a vasoconstriction Sympathetic vasodilator nerves release norepinephrine and produce a vasodilation A decrease in mean arterial pressure will result in which of the following reflex responses? all of the above increased Sympathetic activity to increase end diastolic volume increased Sympathetic activity to increase total peripheral resistance increased Sympathetic activity and decreased Parasympathetic activity to increase heart rate increased Sympathetic activity to increase venous tone The Bainbridge reflex: results in increased heart rate and increased urine output if blocked will results in orthostatic hypotension predominates in volume depletion sensors are the chemoreceptors is activated by Prostaglandins and Bradykinin Loop ABFH would result from which intervention between cycles? calcium channel blocker constriction of veins administration of an alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist hypertension a decrease in blood volume Which of the following is TRUE concerning the vascular function curve? Mean circulatory pressure is the central venous pressure when cardiac output is zero Increase in central venous pressure will result in an increase in cardiac output Mean circulatory pressure is independent of blood volume both a and b are correct E. 328. A. * B. C. D. E. 329. A. * B. C. D. E. 330. A. * B. C. D. 331. A. * B. C. D. E. 332. A. * B. C. D. E. 333. A. * B. C. D. E. 334. A. * B. C. D. E. 335. A. * all of the above are correct Metabolic factors are important in the control of: all of the above are correct coronary blood flow during stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart cerebral blood flow during exam taking only b and c are correct skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise Net absorption of fluid will occur with all the following EXCEPT Decreased plasma albumin levels Constriction of precapillary arterioles Hemorrhage Dehydration Production of bradykinin in inflammation Capillary hydrostatic pressure is increased by: increased venous resistance decrease in arterial pressure increased arterial resistance decrease in venous pressure Which of the following statements is true? Capillary oncotic pressure is defined by the van Hoff equation In general, arterial ends are more permeable than venous ends of capillaries All capillaries have the same permeability All capillaries have discontinuous endothelium Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produces an initial vasodilation followed by a long lasting vasoconstriction Diffusion will decrease if there is an increase in Thickness of the membrane Surface area Concentration of the molecule in blood compared to interstitial fluid All of the above None of the above Lymph flow is increased by all of the following EXCEPT: elevated plasma protein concentration elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure elevated interstitial fluid protein concentration histamine exercise The venous system can act as a reservoir for peripheral blood chiefly because of the: large volume capacity of veins absence of smooth muscle layer in veins superficial location of veins low compliance of veins low O2 saturation in veins Autoregulation: Allows tissues to maintain a constant flow by altering arteriolar radius B. C. D. 336. A. * B. C. D. E. 337. A. * B. C. D. 338. A. * B. C. D. E. 339. A. * B. C. D. E. 340. A. * B. C. D. E. 341. A. * B. C. D. E. 342. A. * B. C. D. Requires functional sympathetic innervation Explains vessel dilation with elevated pressures Is controlled by the Florida Department of Motor Vehicles Which of the following agents will dilate blood vessels? nitric oxide serotonin thromboxane A2 prostaglandin renin Epinephrine causes all of the following EXCEPT: decreases cardiac force of contraction vasoconstriction dilates skeletal muscle blood vessels during exercise increases in heart rate Occlusion of both carotid arteries between the heart and the carotid sinuses would be expected to produce: increase total peripheral resistance increased activity of baroreceptor afferent nerves decreased activity of vasomotor center decrease heart decreased venous tone Carotid sinus baroreceptors: rate of firing is greater with a large pulse pressure are less sensitive than aortic arch baroreceptors produce more impulses / sec when mean arterial pressure falls are more sensitive in chronic hypertension maximum firing rate occurs at pressures of 50 mm Hg An increase in mean arterial pressure will produce which of the following effects: all of the above decrease in stroke volume by decreasing end-diastolic volume and contractility decrease total peripheral resistance by decreasing SNS activity to arterioles decrease in heart rate by an increase in PNS and a decrease in SNS activity to SA node none of the above Atrial stretch receptors: regulates the release of atrial natriuretic peptide produces changes in heart rate, contractility and vessel resistance are involved in the Bezold-Jarisch reflex are activated by an increase in intrathoracic pressure firing rate is increased by a decrease in venous return Patients who have received cardiac transplants are able to increase cardiac output during exercise for which of the following reasons? increased venous return results in increased stroke volume ventricular end diastolic pressure is decreased heart rate is increased by sympathetic stimulation length of systole is shortened following transplantation E. 343. A. * B. C. D. E. 344. A. * B. C. D. E. 345. A. * B. C. D. E. 346. A. * B. C. D. E. 347. A. * B. C. D. E. 348. A. * B. C. D. E. 349. A. * B. C. D. E. 350. none of the above Which of the following decreases contractility? severe hypoxia glucagon adrenal corticoid hormones insulin thyroid hormone Which of the following events is NOT a consequence of an increase in sympathetic nerve activity? decreased AV conduction decreased duration of systole decreased contraction duration increased peak ventricular pressure increased mean arterial pressure Coronary blood flow is increased by all of the following EXCEPT: increased myocardial wall tension adenosine increased metabolic activity cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation increased aortic pressure Anaphylaxis is an example of vasogenic shock cardiogenic shock obstructive shock hypovolemic shock electric shock Activation of the baroreceptor reflex in hemorrhage results in vasoconstriction in all of the following vascular beds EXCEPT: cerebral skeletal renal cutaneous GI Which of the following is a decompensatory mechanism in hemorrhage? acidosis chemoreceptor reflex cerebral ischemia release of vasoconstrictor agents fluid retention Orthostatic hypotension can result from all the following interventions EXCEPT: a nicotinic ganglionic receptor antagonist b-adrenergic receptor antagonists inhibition of sympathetic nerve function a-adrenergic receptor antagonists inhibition of dopamine b-hydroxylase During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases because of which of the following factors? A. * B. C. D. E. 351. A. * B. C. D. E. 352. A. * B. C. D. E. 353. A. * B. C. D. E. 354. A. * B. C. D. E. 355. A. * B. C. D. E. 356. A. * B. C. D. E. circulating epinephrine dilates skeletal muscle blood vessels activity of parasympathetic nerve fibers to the heart increases resistance of the veins and venules decreases total peripheral resistance increases all of the above All of the following will help the heart to compensate for the reduction in contractility that occurs during heart failure EXCEPT an increase in: total peripheral resistance ventricular wall thickness sympathetic nerve discharge end-diastolic volume retention of fluid by the kidney Which of the following statements about exercise is INCORRECT? The myogenic hypothesis accounts for the vascular effects seen in skeletal muscle during exercise Blood volume actually declines due to fluid losses The increase in mean arterial pressure is due to an increase in cardiac output the vasodilation in active muscles causes the decrease in total peripheral resistance seen in exercise. Changes in arterial pressure parallel the severity of exercise In an upright posture, which of the following is the highest? transmural pressure in the femoral artery at the level of the ankle mean arterial pressure in the ascending aorta mean arterial pressure in the carotid sinus central venous pressure peak ventricular pressure during systole Reactive hyperemia is mediated by: metabolic factors elevation of parasympathetic activity reflex increase in sympathetic mediated vascular resistance Myogenic hypothesis intrinsic stretch of vascular smooth muscle Mean circulatory pressure is increased by: increased blood volume decreased arterial resistance increased arterial resistance decreased blood volume all of the above With very severe exercise, you would expect which of the following to occur? stroke volume reaches a maximum and may decrease heart rate continues to rise decrease in CO2 levels pH usually increases decrease in lactic acid production