Download Communicable Diseases final

Isahel N. Alfonso, R.N
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Communicable disease is an illness cause by a pathogen which
can be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to the
another.
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Communicable diseases are cause by infectious agents such as
Bacteria, Virus, Fungus and Protozoa.
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All communicable diseases are infectious but not all infectious
diseases are contagious or communicable
AGENT
An infectious agent (Virus,
Bacteria and Protozoa) that
is capable of invading and
proliferating inside the
body.
HOST
ENVIRONMENT
Organism that can support Condition that favors the
the nutritional and physical progression of the
needs of the agent for infection.
growth
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Pathogen that can cause the infection
Bacteria
Virus
Protozoa
Fungi
Helminths
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A person, animal, plants, substance or location that provides
nourishment for microorganisms to maintain growth and
multiply.
There are two common types of reservoir: Human and Animal
Human Reservoir
Main reservoir of infection
Frank or Typical: Patient is obviously ill and manifests signs and
symptoms of the diseases
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Subclinical: Patient has mild or inapparent signs and symptoms
Carriers: Does not manifest signs and symptoms
Contact: In close association
Suspect: Patient displays signs and symptoms
Portal of Exit from reservoir
An infected host sheds the organism to another or to the
environment before transmission can occur.
Common portals of exit: Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract
and genitourinary tract.
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Mode Of Transmission
The process where the infectious agent is transferred from one
person to the another.
Contact Transmission: Direct, Indirect and droplet contact
Vehicle/ Route: Food, Water, Drugs, blood and body fluids
Airborne Transmission:
Occurs when aerosolized microbial particles, dust or vapor
which contains the organisms remains suspended in the air for
prolonged period and spreads widely by air current and then
inhaled.
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Vector Transmission
Via contaminated or infected arthropods such as flies, ticks and
others.
Portal of entry:
Specific organism requires specific route to gain access into the
body.
Susceptible Host
Immunocompromised individuals are risk for acquiring
infectious diseases
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Age, Sex, Genetic constitution
Nutritional status, fitness, environmental factors
Absence of normal immunoglobulin
General, physical, mental and emotional factors
Status of hematopeoietic system
Presence of underlying disease
Patients under immunosuppressive medications
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Sporadic
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Intermittent occurrence of a few isolated and unrelated cases in the
given locality.
Disease is occasionally present
High number of immunes and low number of susceptible
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Endemic
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Continuous occurrence throughout a period of time of the usual
number of cases.
Low number of immunes .and low number of susceptibles
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Epidemic
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Occurrence of usually large number of cases in a relatively short period
of time.
Low number of immunes and high number of susceptibles.
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Pandemic
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Simultaneous occurrence of epidemics of the same disease in several
countries.
Worldwide epidemic
Low number of immunes and high number of susceptibles
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Incubation period: The interval between the first exposure to
the appearance of the fist signs and symptoms of the disease.
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Prodormal period: The premonitory sign; indicates the
impending attack.
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Acme/ Period of illness: Manifestation of the typical signs
and symptoms.
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Period of convalscence: On the road to recovery
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Standard precaution
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Strategy to reduce the risk and to control nosocomial infections
Applicable to: Injured skin, Non-intact mucus membrane, blood and
body fluids.
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Example:
Wearing of gloves, mask and goggles, hand washing
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Airborne Precaution
Reduces risk of airborne transmission of infectious agent through air.
Place pt. on private room, wearing of masks avoid contact with
susceptible persons.
Droplet Precaution
Does not remain suspended in air
Wearing of masks
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Contact Precaution
Avoid direct contact with patient’s wound, body fluids and excretions
Wear gloves and gown
Enteric Isolation
To prevent the spread of the disease that can be transmitted through
direct contact with infected person
Respiratory Isolation
To prevent the transmission of organism by means of sneezing,
coughing and breath.
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Strict Isolation
To protect the medical staff and other people
Wound and Skin precaution
To prevent cross infection of personnel and patients from
infections transmissible by direct contact with wounds and other
conditions resulting to skin secretions and heavily contaminated
particles.
Reverse Isolation
To protect the patient from acquiring other diseases because of
lowered resistance.
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Health Education
Immunization
Environmental sanitation
Supervision in the preparation of food
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Isolation: The separation of persons with communicable diseases from
other people and place to prevent its transmission.
Quarantine: Limitation on freedom of movement based on longest
incubation period.
Disinfection: Destruction of pathogen during the presence of
infection and after.
Medical asepsis: Gowning, mask, medical hand washing and placing og
placard on the patient’s room