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Species Interactions Symbiosis = close living relationship (some text use this to mean the same as mutualism Relationship Spp 1 Spp 2 Definition Example Mutualism + + Both species benefit, neither are harmed Commensalism + 0 One or both species benefit, but neither are harmed Saprophytism + 0 Exploitation Parasitism + - Exploitation Predation Scavenging + - + - Exploitation Herbivory (Grazing) Exploitation Herbivory (Browsing) Competition + - One species feeds of decaying matter from another organism One species lives in or on and feeds off another (host) One species hunts and feeds off another One species feeds on leftover food from the kill of predators One species feeds on the tissue of soft plants Lichen is a combination of a fungus (absorbs minerals and water) and an alga (photosynthesises). Rhizobium (nitrogen-fixing bacteria) in root nodules of legumes (which provide carbohydrates and space to live). The remora fish attaches itself to a shark, hitches a ride, and scavenges when the shark makes a kill. Fungi living on dead wood. + - One species feeds on the tissue of woody plants Pandas eating bamboo - - Both species are harmed as they compete for resources Plants in a forest competing for light. Animals competing for space. Amensalism 0 - One organism is inhibited, the other is unaffected Shade from trees allow only light tolerant plants to grow. Antibiosis 0/+ - One species is unaffected (or benefits), the other is Rhubarb producing oxalic acid, which prevents other organisms Fleas living on a dog. Tapeworms living in a mammal’s gut. Spiders feeding on insects. Hyenas eating a zebra after lions have killed it Cows and sheep eating grass harmed by a poison/toxin from growing. from the first Penicillium mould (blue-green, powdery) producing penicillin, which inhibits the growth of bacteria. Clearing confusion on Amensalism vs Antibiosis vs Allelopathy Amensalism is a site-specific relationship in which one population is inhibited while the other is unaffected. A simple example is the shading out of certain plants under tall trees. The trees reduce the available sunshine at ground level, and numerous plants cannot find adequate light in the shade. Hence, only shade tolerant plants with lower light requirements can survive as ground cover in the forests. Antibiosis is a specific type of amensalism in which one organism produces a metabolite that is toxic to other organisms. The best known example is mold, penicillin, which produces an antibiotic substance causing the death of many bacteria. Many plants also produce substances which are harmful to animals, for example, algae blooms of some blue, green and red algae produce chemicals that are toxic to fish. Allelopathy is an example of antibiosis where a PLANT produces a chemical that inhibits or is toxic to other plants, soil organisms or herbivores. Eg walnut leaves have a chemical that inhibit other plants. Gum tree roots do this too! SOME TEXTS consider the effects of both antibiosis and allelopathy to be + / 0 (0 to the inhibited organism). Definitions for allelopathy vary. Some use only for chemicals released by plants.