Download Unification of Germany and Italy

Chapter 23
Nationalism In Europe
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After Napoleon the Congress of Vienna created
the German Confederation – a weak alliance
of states headed by Austria.
Leading German states: Prussia and Austria
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In 1830 – Prussia created an economic union –
the Zollverein - ended tariff barriers between
German States and spurring economic
development. Prussia became "a leader of
German states”
Austria refused to join the economic union
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In 1848 the Frankfort Assembly wanted a
unified Germany – offered the throne to
Frederick William IV of Prussia.
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He rejected it – did not want a throne offered by “the
people”.
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one of the major obstacles to German unification was
the presence of Austria— opposed attempts' at German
unification
 feared competition and the loss of influence
 other countries in Europe also worried about a
united Germany
 small German states opposed unification- because
they did not want to be dominated by Prussia
 southern German states were Catholic and Prussia
was Protestant
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Prussia will be the leader in the effort to unify
German states
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Prussia had a large disciplined army
controlled industrial area of Ruhr Valley
 iron/steel industry
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Prussian government supported militarism or the
glorification of war
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William I was king of Prussia who will
appoint Count Otto von Bismarck as
his prime minister and minister of foreign
affairs
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Bismarck nicknamed "Iron Chancellor"
will follow a policy of "blood and iron"
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using warfare and the military
wanted a united Germany under Prussian
control Hohenzollern family
a united Germany would be the most powerful
country in Europe
Bismarck believed in Realpolitik or politics of
reality
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take whatever political action necessary—Bismarck
usually isolated opponent through diplomatic
means prior to outbreak of war
power more important than principles
the end justified the means
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three wars will increase
Prussian prestige and
power and pave way for
German unity
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the first step was to weaken
Austria
Prussia will first form a
military alliance with
Austria
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The two will fight a war
against Denmark for control
of Schleswig-Holstein
Two duchies were under the
personal rule of King Christian
IX
the Danes will be defeated
quickly (Treaty of Vienna)
Prussia will rule Schleswig
 Austria Holstein
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Bismarck will then cause a war with Austria in
1866 known as the Seven Weeks' War (German
Civil War)
Bismarck isolated Austria through diplomatic means
 Prussia had superior weapons, brilliant military
leadership, highly disciplined army

a North German Confederation was set up
under the leadership of Prussia
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only southern German states outside the control of
Prussia.
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Franco-Prussian War in 1870
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immediate cause for the outbreak of war was the
vacant Spanish throne which had been
offered to a Hohenzollern
Bismarck was able to provoke the French in to
declaring war by misrepresenting the Ems
Dispatch - French and Prussian people both
thought they had been insulted
the southern German states joined Prussia
against the French
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Prussian army proved dominate again and
captured Napoleon III forcing his abdication
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Peace treaty (Treaty of Frankfurt) gave Germany the
provinces of Alsace-Lorraine

William I proclaimed Kaiser or
emperor of Germany and
established the Second Reich

First Reich had been Otto the Great's
Holy Roman Empire
Chapter 23 Section 2
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the new German constitution set up a two-house
parliament
the upper house or Bundesrat had its members
appointed by rulers of the German states (25 states)
and the lower house or Reichstag had its members
elected by universal male suffrage
the upper house could veto any decision by the lower
house but the Kaiser really determined government
decisions
 Prussians appointed to most of the top positions in
government
 instituted compulsory military service
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Bismarck's political policies caused conflicts
with Catholics throughout Germany—
Catholics were a large minority who made up
the Center Party (second strongest in
Reichstag)
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in 1872 Bismarck launched an all out attack on
the Catholic Church known as the
"Kulturkampf'
the Jesuit order was expelled from Germany
 members of the clergy could not criticize the
government
 Catholic schools closed
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Bismarck's efforts unified the German
Catholics and he will be forced to repeal most
of his anti-Catholic laws
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needed their support against the Socialists
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German liberals will gradually come
to support Bismarck who brought economic
prosperity
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economic growth benefited the middle-class and
industrial "capitalists
German workers were not very happy
many workers began to support the German
Social Democratic Party which promoted the ideas
of Marxist Socialism
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public ownership of all land and all means of production
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Bismarck hated and feared socialism
Reichstag passed laws restricting Social
Democrats
no publication of Socialist books or pamphlets
 police had the right to break up socialist meetings
 imprison socialist leaders
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anti-socialist laws backfired
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Bismarck changed tactics by introducing
reforms to get workers to support the
government
introduced accident, health, and old-age insurance
 basic social security program established
 Germany became a leader in early social welfare
programs
 William II will force Bismarck to resign

Chapter 23 Section 2
Unification of Italy
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Italian nationalism had been spurred on by the
French Revolution
at the Congress of Vienna Italy was left divided
and almost totally under foreign rule
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Austria ruled several areas
the Spanish Bourbons ruled the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies
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Italian nationalists struggled for independence
and unity throughout the 1830s and 1840s
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Giuseppe Mazzini organized the secret
society called Young Italy who worked
for the unification of Italy
spread ideals of the Risorgimento or
"Resurgence" with the goals being
liberation and unification of Italy
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Count Camillo Cavour had taken part in the
Revolution of 1848, which had failed to
rid Italy from foreign rule
Cavour will be appointed prime minister of
Sardinia/Piedmont by King Victor Emmanuel
II in 1852
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both wanted Italy to be united and industrialized
under Sardinia's leadership
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Cavour introduced rapid changes
Sardinia recognized as an emerging
power in Europe
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the war will break out in 1854
the war started because France and Great
Britain did not want Russia to have too much
influence over the weak Ottoman Empire
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Cavour believed that the greatest roadblock to
Italian unification was Austria
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believed that Italy needed to form an alliance with a
Great Power in Europe to get rid of Austria
Cavour allied Italy with Great Britain and
France against the Russians
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at the peace conference Cavour found an ally in
Emperor Napoleon III of France
the two signed a secret agreement in which
France would help Sardinia in a war with
Austria
Austria was tricked into declaring war on
Sardinia
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the French and Sardinians defeated the Austrians in
Lombardy which spurred other revolts against the
Austrians in Italy
Sardinia received Lombardy but not Venetia from
the Austrians
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Southern Italy also had a
nationalist movement
the leader will be Giuseppe
Garibaldi
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Garibaldi will lead a group of Italian
nationalists known as the "Red Shirts"
Garibaldi's Red Shirts will drive the Spanish
out of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
after taking Sicily Garibaldi invaded the
mainland and marched north and gained
control of Naples
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Garibaldi will turn his forces over to Victor
Emmanuel II to avoid an Italian civil war
in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II will become the
king of Italy
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Austrians still controlled Venetia – Northern Italy
the Italians will join Prussia against Austria in
the Seven Weeks' War (Austro-Prussian War)
Sardinia received Venetia in the treaty thus
eliminating Austria from Italian affairs
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problems developed for the new Italian state in
1870
the Papal States were still independent of the new
Italian state
 much concern because the French maintained a
garrison in Rome
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as a result of the Franco-Prussian War the
French withdrew their garrison from Rome and
Italian soldiers moved into the city
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in 1871 the Papal States
became part of Italy
Roman Catholic Church
upset over the loss of
control and urged
Catholics in Italy not to
cooperate with their new
government
The issue was settled by
allowing the pope to
maintain control of the
Vatican
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the new Italy face many problems
divisions between the north (rich, industrial &
more cities) and the south (agricultural and
poor) with a growing population that found it
hard to make a living on the worn out farm
land.
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Under Victor Emmanuel Italy was a
constitutional monarchy with a two house
legislature
The king appointed members to the upper
house
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they could veto bills passed by the lower house
The lower house was elected by the people but
few men had the right to vote.
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Results: Socialist organized strike and
anarchists tried sabotage and violence. The
government was forced to extend voting rights
and improve social conditions.
Chapter 23 Section 4 Nationalism and the Hapsburgs
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In 1800 the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling
house in Europe
They controlled Austria, parts of Bohemia &
Hungary, parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine,
& northern Italy
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Emperor Francis I and his foreign minister
Count Metternich suppressed the liberals
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Newspapers were censored & limited industrial
development
By 1840s factories were starting and the
Hapsburgs now faced the problems of the
industrial age
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growth of cities, workers discontent, & socialism
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they had an empire of 50 million people 25 %
German speaking
almost 50 % made up of different Slavic groups
(Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians
Romanians, Serbs, Croats, & Slovenes) – it also
included Hungarians & Italians.
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Francis-Joseph becomes emperor - 18 years old
– would rule until 1916.
1859 – Austria defeated by France and Sardinia
– realized they needed change
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created a new constitution – legislature created
but it was dominated by Austrians - others not
happy.
1866- Austria defeated by Prussia – Hungary
demanded new reforms
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Francis Deak – created a dual
monarchy of Austria-Hungary –
Separate states each with a
constitution & Parliament –
Francis Joseph ruled both –
emperor of Austria and king of
Hungary
They shared ministers of Finance,
Defense, & Foreign Affairs.
Others still not happy
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Ottoman
Empire
stretched from
Eastern
Europe, the
Balkans, to
North Africa –
many
nationalist
groups.
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1817 – Serbia won autonomy
1830s southern Greece won autonomy
During the 1800s many different ethnic groups
will try and stage revolts. All of this moves to
weakening the Ottoman Empire.
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By mid-century many European powers saw
the Ottoman Empire as the weakest link in
Europe. They will try to divide up the empire.
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Russia will push south to the Black Sea – wanted
Istanbul – (Constantinople)
Austria will take control of Bosnia & Herzegovina –
creating an enemy of Serbia – they wanted it
Britain & France went after land in the Middle East
and North Africa.
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Results: a series of crisis and wars
Russia fought several wars against the
Ottomans. Sometimes Britain & France joined
Russia and sometime joined the Ottomans.
Germany supported Austrian control over its
various ethnic groups but also encouraged the
Ottoman Empire because of their strategic
location.
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Meanwhile various ethnic groups will fight
among themselves.
By 1900 area referred to as the “Balkan powder
keg”.
Chapter 23 Section 5 Russia
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Russia in the 1800s was the largest and most
populous nation in Europe
also a major European power
Russia had immense natural resources:
economically and industrially behind rest of
Europe
the czars of Russia will see the need to
modernize: resisted the reforms to make it
happen
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wanted to maintain an autocracy
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Russia will fall further and further behind the
rest of Western Europe in social reforms
greatest obstacle to progress was Russia's rigid
social structure—nobles dominated society and
fought against change
no middle class really existed and most
of the population were serfs
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in Russia masters exercised almost total power
over their serfs— majority were peasants—
when industry began serfs were sent to
factories (masters took most of their pay)
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Alexander I eased censorship and
promoted education early in his
reign
Alexander I died in 1825 which
sparked an uprising by a group of
liberal army officers that became
known as the Decembrist Revolt they demanded a constitution and
reforms
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Nicholas I, the new czar crushed
all dissent police spies hunted
down critics, used censorship to
stop the spread of liberal ideas
many liberals were judged insane
and sent to mental hospitals—
others sent to Siberia (lived In
gulag or labor camps)
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1855 Alexander II came to power
issued the Emancipation Edict in 1861 that
freed the serfs in Russia
legal reforms (trial by jury), eased censorship,
and tried to reform the military
Assassinated in 1881 by anarchist
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Alexander III became czar
in 1881—ruled with an iron
fist
retaliated against liberals
and revolutionaries for
assassination of his
father—increased power of
the secret police, restored
strict censorship and exiled
critics to Siberia
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launched program of Russification by
suppressing the culture of all non-Russian people
within the empire (wanted one language and one
church)—persecuted Jews, Muslims, Finns,
Ukrainians, Poles etc.
Jews especially persecuted—forced to live in
certain areas, limited to certain jobs, restrictions on
education—officials encouraged violent mob
attacks on Jews known as pogroms—many Jews
will flee Russia becoming refugees
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Alexander III and later Nicholas II (last of the
Romanovs to rule Russia) will push Russia into
the industrial age—railroad
building increased (Trans-Siberian Railway
stretched 5000 miles)
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1904 the Russians were at war with Japan
(Russo-Japanese War)
Russians will suffer humiliating defeat
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Nicholas II became alarmed by widespread
protests—workers marched on Winter Palace
at St. Petersburg—soldiers opened fire on
marchers on what became known as "Bloody
Sunday"
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Bloody Sunday" will set off strikes and revolts
in Russia known as the Revolution of 1905
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Nicholas II forced to make sweeping reforms
including setting up a national assembly
known as the Duma.
The first meeting was in 1906 but Nicholas II
dissolved it when its leaders criticized the
government
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Nicholas II then appoints Peter Stolypin
as the new Prime Minister.
Stolypin, a conservative tried to restore
order by arrests, pogroms and executions
Tried some reforms – education and
moderate land reforms. Not enough to
solve the problems. 1911 Stolypin is
assassinated.