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Chapter 23 Nationalism In Europe After Napoleon the Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation – a weak alliance of states headed by Austria. Leading German states: Prussia and Austria In 1830 – Prussia created an economic union – the Zollverein - ended tariff barriers between German States and spurring economic development. Prussia became "a leader of German states” Austria refused to join the economic union In 1848 the Frankfort Assembly wanted a unified Germany – offered the throne to Frederick William IV of Prussia. He rejected it – did not want a throne offered by “the people”. one of the major obstacles to German unification was the presence of Austria— opposed attempts' at German unification feared competition and the loss of influence other countries in Europe also worried about a united Germany small German states opposed unification- because they did not want to be dominated by Prussia southern German states were Catholic and Prussia was Protestant Prussia will be the leader in the effort to unify German states Prussia had a large disciplined army controlled industrial area of Ruhr Valley iron/steel industry Prussian government supported militarism or the glorification of war William I was king of Prussia who will appoint Count Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister and minister of foreign affairs Bismarck nicknamed "Iron Chancellor" will follow a policy of "blood and iron" using warfare and the military wanted a united Germany under Prussian control Hohenzollern family a united Germany would be the most powerful country in Europe Bismarck believed in Realpolitik or politics of reality take whatever political action necessary—Bismarck usually isolated opponent through diplomatic means prior to outbreak of war power more important than principles the end justified the means three wars will increase Prussian prestige and power and pave way for German unity the first step was to weaken Austria Prussia will first form a military alliance with Austria The two will fight a war against Denmark for control of Schleswig-Holstein Two duchies were under the personal rule of King Christian IX the Danes will be defeated quickly (Treaty of Vienna) Prussia will rule Schleswig Austria Holstein Bismarck will then cause a war with Austria in 1866 known as the Seven Weeks' War (German Civil War) Bismarck isolated Austria through diplomatic means Prussia had superior weapons, brilliant military leadership, highly disciplined army a North German Confederation was set up under the leadership of Prussia only southern German states outside the control of Prussia. Franco-Prussian War in 1870 immediate cause for the outbreak of war was the vacant Spanish throne which had been offered to a Hohenzollern Bismarck was able to provoke the French in to declaring war by misrepresenting the Ems Dispatch - French and Prussian people both thought they had been insulted the southern German states joined Prussia against the French Prussian army proved dominate again and captured Napoleon III forcing his abdication Peace treaty (Treaty of Frankfurt) gave Germany the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine William I proclaimed Kaiser or emperor of Germany and established the Second Reich First Reich had been Otto the Great's Holy Roman Empire Chapter 23 Section 2 the new German constitution set up a two-house parliament the upper house or Bundesrat had its members appointed by rulers of the German states (25 states) and the lower house or Reichstag had its members elected by universal male suffrage the upper house could veto any decision by the lower house but the Kaiser really determined government decisions Prussians appointed to most of the top positions in government instituted compulsory military service Bismarck's political policies caused conflicts with Catholics throughout Germany— Catholics were a large minority who made up the Center Party (second strongest in Reichstag) in 1872 Bismarck launched an all out attack on the Catholic Church known as the "Kulturkampf' the Jesuit order was expelled from Germany members of the clergy could not criticize the government Catholic schools closed Bismarck's efforts unified the German Catholics and he will be forced to repeal most of his anti-Catholic laws needed their support against the Socialists German liberals will gradually come to support Bismarck who brought economic prosperity economic growth benefited the middle-class and industrial "capitalists German workers were not very happy many workers began to support the German Social Democratic Party which promoted the ideas of Marxist Socialism public ownership of all land and all means of production Bismarck hated and feared socialism Reichstag passed laws restricting Social Democrats no publication of Socialist books or pamphlets police had the right to break up socialist meetings imprison socialist leaders anti-socialist laws backfired Bismarck changed tactics by introducing reforms to get workers to support the government introduced accident, health, and old-age insurance basic social security program established Germany became a leader in early social welfare programs William II will force Bismarck to resign Chapter 23 Section 2 Unification of Italy Italian nationalism had been spurred on by the French Revolution at the Congress of Vienna Italy was left divided and almost totally under foreign rule Austria ruled several areas the Spanish Bourbons ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Italian nationalists struggled for independence and unity throughout the 1830s and 1840s Giuseppe Mazzini organized the secret society called Young Italy who worked for the unification of Italy spread ideals of the Risorgimento or "Resurgence" with the goals being liberation and unification of Italy Count Camillo Cavour had taken part in the Revolution of 1848, which had failed to rid Italy from foreign rule Cavour will be appointed prime minister of Sardinia/Piedmont by King Victor Emmanuel II in 1852 both wanted Italy to be united and industrialized under Sardinia's leadership Cavour introduced rapid changes Sardinia recognized as an emerging power in Europe the war will break out in 1854 the war started because France and Great Britain did not want Russia to have too much influence over the weak Ottoman Empire Cavour believed that the greatest roadblock to Italian unification was Austria believed that Italy needed to form an alliance with a Great Power in Europe to get rid of Austria Cavour allied Italy with Great Britain and France against the Russians at the peace conference Cavour found an ally in Emperor Napoleon III of France the two signed a secret agreement in which France would help Sardinia in a war with Austria Austria was tricked into declaring war on Sardinia the French and Sardinians defeated the Austrians in Lombardy which spurred other revolts against the Austrians in Italy Sardinia received Lombardy but not Venetia from the Austrians Southern Italy also had a nationalist movement the leader will be Giuseppe Garibaldi Garibaldi will lead a group of Italian nationalists known as the "Red Shirts" Garibaldi's Red Shirts will drive the Spanish out of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies after taking Sicily Garibaldi invaded the mainland and marched north and gained control of Naples Garibaldi will turn his forces over to Victor Emmanuel II to avoid an Italian civil war in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II will become the king of Italy Austrians still controlled Venetia – Northern Italy the Italians will join Prussia against Austria in the Seven Weeks' War (Austro-Prussian War) Sardinia received Venetia in the treaty thus eliminating Austria from Italian affairs problems developed for the new Italian state in 1870 the Papal States were still independent of the new Italian state much concern because the French maintained a garrison in Rome as a result of the Franco-Prussian War the French withdrew their garrison from Rome and Italian soldiers moved into the city in 1871 the Papal States became part of Italy Roman Catholic Church upset over the loss of control and urged Catholics in Italy not to cooperate with their new government The issue was settled by allowing the pope to maintain control of the Vatican the new Italy face many problems divisions between the north (rich, industrial & more cities) and the south (agricultural and poor) with a growing population that found it hard to make a living on the worn out farm land. Under Victor Emmanuel Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two house legislature The king appointed members to the upper house they could veto bills passed by the lower house The lower house was elected by the people but few men had the right to vote. Results: Socialist organized strike and anarchists tried sabotage and violence. The government was forced to extend voting rights and improve social conditions. Chapter 23 Section 4 Nationalism and the Hapsburgs In 1800 the Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling house in Europe They controlled Austria, parts of Bohemia & Hungary, parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine, & northern Italy Emperor Francis I and his foreign minister Count Metternich suppressed the liberals Newspapers were censored & limited industrial development By 1840s factories were starting and the Hapsburgs now faced the problems of the industrial age growth of cities, workers discontent, & socialism they had an empire of 50 million people 25 % German speaking almost 50 % made up of different Slavic groups (Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians Romanians, Serbs, Croats, & Slovenes) – it also included Hungarians & Italians. Francis-Joseph becomes emperor - 18 years old – would rule until 1916. 1859 – Austria defeated by France and Sardinia – realized they needed change created a new constitution – legislature created but it was dominated by Austrians - others not happy. 1866- Austria defeated by Prussia – Hungary demanded new reforms Francis Deak – created a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary – Separate states each with a constitution & Parliament – Francis Joseph ruled both – emperor of Austria and king of Hungary They shared ministers of Finance, Defense, & Foreign Affairs. Others still not happy Ottoman Empire stretched from Eastern Europe, the Balkans, to North Africa – many nationalist groups. 1817 – Serbia won autonomy 1830s southern Greece won autonomy During the 1800s many different ethnic groups will try and stage revolts. All of this moves to weakening the Ottoman Empire. By mid-century many European powers saw the Ottoman Empire as the weakest link in Europe. They will try to divide up the empire. Russia will push south to the Black Sea – wanted Istanbul – (Constantinople) Austria will take control of Bosnia & Herzegovina – creating an enemy of Serbia – they wanted it Britain & France went after land in the Middle East and North Africa. Results: a series of crisis and wars Russia fought several wars against the Ottomans. Sometimes Britain & France joined Russia and sometime joined the Ottomans. Germany supported Austrian control over its various ethnic groups but also encouraged the Ottoman Empire because of their strategic location. Meanwhile various ethnic groups will fight among themselves. By 1900 area referred to as the “Balkan powder keg”. Chapter 23 Section 5 Russia Russia in the 1800s was the largest and most populous nation in Europe also a major European power Russia had immense natural resources: economically and industrially behind rest of Europe the czars of Russia will see the need to modernize: resisted the reforms to make it happen wanted to maintain an autocracy Russia will fall further and further behind the rest of Western Europe in social reforms greatest obstacle to progress was Russia's rigid social structure—nobles dominated society and fought against change no middle class really existed and most of the population were serfs in Russia masters exercised almost total power over their serfs— majority were peasants— when industry began serfs were sent to factories (masters took most of their pay) Alexander I eased censorship and promoted education early in his reign Alexander I died in 1825 which sparked an uprising by a group of liberal army officers that became known as the Decembrist Revolt they demanded a constitution and reforms Nicholas I, the new czar crushed all dissent police spies hunted down critics, used censorship to stop the spread of liberal ideas many liberals were judged insane and sent to mental hospitals— others sent to Siberia (lived In gulag or labor camps) 1855 Alexander II came to power issued the Emancipation Edict in 1861 that freed the serfs in Russia legal reforms (trial by jury), eased censorship, and tried to reform the military Assassinated in 1881 by anarchist Alexander III became czar in 1881—ruled with an iron fist retaliated against liberals and revolutionaries for assassination of his father—increased power of the secret police, restored strict censorship and exiled critics to Siberia launched program of Russification by suppressing the culture of all non-Russian people within the empire (wanted one language and one church)—persecuted Jews, Muslims, Finns, Ukrainians, Poles etc. Jews especially persecuted—forced to live in certain areas, limited to certain jobs, restrictions on education—officials encouraged violent mob attacks on Jews known as pogroms—many Jews will flee Russia becoming refugees Alexander III and later Nicholas II (last of the Romanovs to rule Russia) will push Russia into the industrial age—railroad building increased (Trans-Siberian Railway stretched 5000 miles) 1904 the Russians were at war with Japan (Russo-Japanese War) Russians will suffer humiliating defeat Nicholas II became alarmed by widespread protests—workers marched on Winter Palace at St. Petersburg—soldiers opened fire on marchers on what became known as "Bloody Sunday" Bloody Sunday" will set off strikes and revolts in Russia known as the Revolution of 1905 Nicholas II forced to make sweeping reforms including setting up a national assembly known as the Duma. The first meeting was in 1906 but Nicholas II dissolved it when its leaders criticized the government Nicholas II then appoints Peter Stolypin as the new Prime Minister. Stolypin, a conservative tried to restore order by arrests, pogroms and executions Tried some reforms – education and moderate land reforms. Not enough to solve the problems. 1911 Stolypin is assassinated.