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Chapter 10
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Building a German Nation
• Identify several events that promoted German unity during
the early 1800’s
• Explain how Bismarck unified Germany
• Analyze the basic political organization of the new German
Empire
Terms, People, and Places
• Otto von Bismarck
• Chancellor
• Realpolitik
• Annex
• Kaiser
• Reich
Taking Initial Steps Towards Unity
“The great questions of the day are not to be
decided by speeches and majority resolve but by
blood and iron”
In the early 1800’s German speaking people
lived in a number of small and medium sized
states as well as in Prussian and Austrian Hapsburg
Empire. Napoleon’s invasion unleashed new
forces in these territories
Napoleon Raids German Lands
• Between 1806 and 1812 Napoleon made important
territorial changes in the Rhine Land
• Dissolved the Holy roman Empire
• Organized a number of German States into The Rhine
Confederation
• Encouraged changes
• Freed serfs
• Eased trade restrictions
• Abolished laws against Jews
• Germans fought to free their lands and soon defeated
France
Economic Changes Promote Unity
• Napoleons defeat lead to a creation of the German
Confederation
• This only loosely unified Germany
• 1830 Prussia created Economic union called the Zollverein
• This dismantled tariffs between German states
• 1848 the Frankfurt Assembly met and demanded political
unity
• Offered the throne to Frederick William of Prussia but he
declined
Checkpoint
• What was the German Confederation?
• A weak alliance headed by Austria that
was created after the defeat of Napoleon
Bismarck Unites Germany
• Otto von Bismarck
• German Junker class
was conservative
land owners
• 1862 was appointed
Prime Minister
• By 1872 was made
Chancellor or highest
appointed official by
a monarch
Master of Realpolitik
• Very strong willed
• Realpolitik: realistic politics based on the needs
of the state
• Power was more important than principles
• He was not a nationalist, his loyalty was to the
ruling dynasty of Prussia
• Used unification to bring power to the
Hohenzollerns
Strengthening the Army
• As Chancellor Bismarck
built the Army
• Legislature refused to allot
money for the army
• Used funds deemed for
other projects
• Thought he needed a
powerful well equipped
army to pursue an
aggressive foreign policy
• Led Prussian into three
wars
• Each increased Prussia’s
prestige and power and
created Prussian Unity
Prussian Declares War with Denmark and Austria
• 1864 formed an alliance with Austria
• Liberated two German provinces, Schleswig and Holstein,
from Denmark
• Austria got Holstein and Prussia got Schleswig
• 1866 attacked Austria
• Defeated Austria in about seven weeks and annexed German
territories
• Dissolved the Austrian led confederation and then instated a
Prussian led government
France Declares War on Prussia
• Victory over Austria angered Napoleon III
• Led to the Franco-Prussian War 1870
• Bismarck played up nationalism to the Prussians recalling
Napoleons original invasions
• Bismarck then rewrote the press telegram that discussed the
Prussian King William’s I meeting with French Ambassador
• The new telegraph made it seem that William insulted the
French
• This Drove Napoleon III to declare war on Prussia
• Prussian crushed the poorly equipped French and the French
soon surrendered
Checkpoint
• What techniques did Bismarck use to unify
Germany?
• War with Denmark and Austria
• Trickery, and Propaganda with France
Birth of the German Empire
• After the victory over France other German Princes convinced
William to take the role of Kaiser
• Kaiser: Emperor of German Empire
• They declared Germany the Second Reich or Empire (the HRE
was the first)
• Bismarck drafted a constitution declaring the Emperor leader
and creating a legislature, The Reichstag, comprising of a two
houses
• The upper house or Bundesrat was appointed by German
states the lower or Reichstag was elected by the common
people and granted universal male suffrage.
Checkpoint
• How was the new German Government, drafted by Bismarck,
Structured?
• Emperor and a constitution and comprised of a two house
legislature
• The upper house was appointed by German states the lower
was elected by the common people.
Germany Strengthens
• Describe how Germany became an industrial giant
• Explain why Bismarck was called the “Iron Chancellor”
• List the policies of Keiser William II
Terms, People, and Places
• Kulturkampf
• William II
• Social welfare
Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant
• After Unification
Germany emerged as
an industrial Giant
• By the late 1800’s
Chemical and electrical
industries were setting
the standard
• German shipping was
second only to Britain
• 1883 Power Plant
Making Economic Progress
Possessed several
factors that lead to
industrialization
• Ample Iron and Coal
• Discipline, educated
work force
• Educated middle
class that prided
themselves on
efficiency
• Rapidly growing
population
Promoting Scientific and Economic Development
• Industrialist were first to see the value of applied science in
the development of new products
• Scientist and German Industrialist collaborated on projects
• One of these collaborations led to Germany developing
synthetic chemicals and dyes
• Industrialist and the government supported these projects in
the universities and hired scientist to solve technological
problems
Checkpoint
• What Factors did
Germany possess
that made
industrialization
possible?
• Ample coal and Iron
• Disciplined, educated
workforce
• Growing population
• Made progress in
building railroads
• Research and
development in
applied sciences
The Iron Chancellor
• Bismarck pursued
several foreign policy
goals
• Wanted to keep
France weak
• Built a strong link
between Germany
and Russia
• Eventually took a
stand against Britain
Campaigns Against the Catholic Church
• Catholics made up about 1/3 of the population of Germany
• Bismarck believed Catholics were more loyal to the Pope not
the Kaiser
• Launched Kulturkampf “battle for civilization” 1871-1878
• The goal was to get Catholics to put aside their loyalties to the
Church and embrace the state
• Passed laws against Catholics
Laws under the Kulturkampf
• All catholic education was to be supervised by the state
• The state had to approve the appointment of priest
• Some religious orders were expelled – Jesuits
• People could not be married by the church only the state
• Oppression backfired and the Catholics rallied around each
other forming a political party
• This forced Bismarck to compromise and work with the church
Campaign against Socialism
• Bismarck also thought Socialism was a threat to Germany
• German Marxist organized the Social Democratic Party
• The Socialist Democratic Party called for improved conditions
for the working class
• Feared the Socialist Democratic Party undermined Germany
Authority
• Passed laws against the party shutting down news papers and
banning meetings
Germany is a Pioneers in Social Reform
• After regulations against the Social Democratic Party failed
Bismarck changed course
• Created laws to protect workers
• By 1890’s Germany had health, accident and old age insurance
as well as retirement benefits
• However the social democratic party continued to grow and
had more seats in the Reichstag than any other party
Checkpoint
• Why did Bismarck try
to crush the Catholic
church and the
socialist?
• He felt they were the
two greatest threats
to Germany and they
each drew attention
away from the state
Kaiser William II
• 1888 William II
succeeded his Grand
father
• Was a traditional
Absolute Ruler
• Fired Bismarck claiming
there can be only one
leader of Germany
• Provided social welfare
or help for certain
groups
• Continued the build up
of the military
Checkpoint
• Why did William II ask Bismarck to resign?
• William II wanted to be the sole ruler of
Germany
Unifying Italy
• List the key obstacles to Italian unity
• Understand what roles Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe
Garibaldi played in the struggle for Italy
• Describe the challenges that faced the new nation of Italy
Terms, People and Places
• Camillo Cavour
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Anarchist
• emigration
Obstacles to Italian Unity
• Italy had been a battleground for ambitious foreign and local
princes
• Frequent warfare led the people to identify more with their
local regions
• The invasions of Napoleon sparked dreams of national unity
• Austrians ruled the northern states while French ruled the
southern states of Naples and Sicily
• Nationalist began to form societies that started to fight against
the foreign controllers
Mazzini Establishes Young Italy
• Giuseppe Mazzini
founded the secret
society Young Italy
• Goal was to Constitute
Italy into one free,
independent republic
nation
• Tried to set up a
government in Rome
but the French
stopped it
Nationalism Takes Root
• Ideas grow quickly
• It makes sense to
unify Italy because of
common language
and common
geography
• Nationalism
reminded Italians of
the glory days of
Rome
Checkpoint
• What forces hindered
Italian Unity
• War and foreign rule
The Struggle for Italy
After 1848, leadership of
the Risorgimento or Italian
nationalist movement,
passed to the kingdom of
Sardinia. Which include
Piedmont. Nice and Savoy
as well as the islands of
Sardinia. Its constitutional
Monarch, Victor Emanuel
II, hoped to join other
states to his own thereby
increasing his power.
Cavour Becomes Prime Minister
• Camillo Benso count de
Cavour is appointed to
Prime Minister
Believed in Realpolitik
• Encouraged commerce
• Built Railroads
• Supported free trade
• Wanted to end
Austrian power in Italy
Intrigue With France
• Sardina joined Britain and France against Russia
• Gave Sardinia a place at the table
• Entered into a secret pact with France
• Wanted to build power to fight Austria
• 1859 Carvour provoked a war with Austria to end their power
in Italy
Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts”
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
was an Italian
Nationalist and an ally
with Mazzini
• Formed the “Red
Shirts” a unification
force made up of
Nationalist
• Led 1000 Red Shirts
volunteers and
captured Sicialy
Unity at Last
• After supporting Garibaldi in Sicily, Cavour feared Garibaldi
• Garibaldis success in the south led Cavour to believe that
Garibaldi might set up his own republic
• Cavour sent troops to take the Papal States this linked the the
north and south
• In a patriotic move Garibaldi handed over his Control of
Naples and Sicily to the North
• 1861 Southern Italy approves joining the north uniting Italy
Challenge Facing a New Nation
• Regional differences created divisions in Italy
•
•
•
•
•
North was richer than the south
North was the center for business
South was more agricultural
North had White Sauce
South had Red Sauce
• Popes resented the capture of Papal land
• Government granted limited control over church properties
• Popes urged all Catholics to not cooperate with the
government
Turmoil
• Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional Monarchy
• Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two house legislature
systems
• The upper house comprised of members appointed by Emmanuel
that would veto anything from the lower house Emmanuel did not
like
• This led to unrest and anarchist began to sabotage the political
system and riot
• Eventually extending the right to vote to more people eased
tensions
• This turmoil would give rise to the Fascist leaders of the 1900’s
Economic Progress
• Despite problems Italy did develop
economically
• Italy was not as abundant in natural
resources but some industry emerged
in the north
• Peasants flocked to the cities for work
• Too many people created tension in
the cities
• Emigration served as a safety valve to
relive some of the pressure
• People moved to the United States
Checkpoint
• What problems did
Italians experience?
• North was richer
than the south
• North was the center
for business
• South was more
agricultural
• North had White
Sauce
• South had Red Sauce
Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
• Describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the
Hapsburg Empire
• List the main characteristics of a dual monarchy
• Understand how the growth of nationalism effected the
Ottoman Empire
Terms, People, and Places
• Francis Joseph: inherited the Hapsburg throne at 18,would
preside over it until the end of WWI
• Ferenc Deak: worked out a compromise to create a duel
Monarchy With Austria and Hungary
• Dual Monarchy: Monarchy that presided over Austria and
Hungary
The Hapsburg Empire Declines
• Hapsburgs were the
oldest ruling family in
Europe
• Ruled Austria
• Acquired parts of
Hungary, Poland,
Northern Italy,
Romania, and the
Ukraine
Austria Faces Change
• After the Congress of Vienna Austria held a strict conservative
view
• Francis I “Rule and Change Nothing”
• Under Francis I Newspapers could not even use the word
constitution
• Austria could not hold back the wave of change and soon
Austria was in the middle of the Industrial revolution
A Multinational Empire
• Hapsburgs presided over
a Multi National Empire
• Sometimes rival groups
shared regions and
would fight
• In Addition to Austrians
the empire included
Czechs, Slovaks, Poles,
Ukrainian, Serbs, Croats,
Slovenians, Hungarians,
and Italians
Francis Joseph Grants Limited Reforms
• 1859 Defeated by
France and Sardinia
• Led to reforms at
home
• Set up a constitution
with a Legislature
• Legislature was
mostly German and
did not get along
with the other
nationalities of the
empire
Checkpoint
• What actions did
Francis Joseph take
to maintain power
• After being defeated
by France and
Sardinia, Josephs
looked to strengthen
his empire.
• He did so by creating
a constitution and a
legislature
Formation of the Dual Monarchy
• After being defeated
by Prussia in 1868 the
Hungarians in the
Empire pressed for
change
• Ferenc Deak a
moderated Hungarian
pushed for a change
and his efforts created
the Dual Monarchy of
Austria- Hungary
Austria
Hungary
The Austrian- Hungary Government
• Under the agreement
Austria and Hungary
remained separate
states
• Francis Joseph ruled
both Emperor of
Austria and king of
Hungary
• Two States shared
ministers of Finance,
Defense, and Foreign
Affairs. All other affairs
were separate
• Why Create a Dual
Monarchy?
• It was a compromise to
allow the Hungarians
to have more control
over themselves, but
still be under the
Austrian Flag
Nationalist Unrest Increases
• Other subjects
resented the
compromise
• Czechs called for the
Slavic people to unite
• By the 1900’s the
government was
paralyzed and could
not function
“Only through liberty,
equality and fraternal
solidarity”
Czechpoint
• How did the
Hungarians and
Slavic groups
respond to the Duel
Monarchy?
• Hungarians liked it
because it gave them
power in the
government
• The Slavic people did
not like it because it
limited their power
The Ottoman Empire Collapses
• The Ottoman Empire
was the “Sick man of
Europe”
Balkan Nationalism Erupts
• During the 1800’s
various groups
staged revolts against
the Ottomans to gain
independence
• Serbs gained their
freedom as did
southern Greece
European powers divide up the Ottoman Empire
• As the empire
weakened European
powers quickly
scrambled to divide
up the land
• Russia pushed
towards the Black
Sea
• Austria-Hungary
took Bosnia and
Herzegovina
• Britain and France
took lands in the Mid
East and Africa
War in the Balkans
• Ottomans were often
at war with France,
Russia, and Britain
• Subjects revolted and
fought amongst them
selves
• “Balkan Powder Keg”
the explosion that
started WWI
Checkpoint
• How did the
European powers
divide the Ottoman
Empire?
• Russia pushed
towards the Black
Sea
• Austria-Hungary
took Bosnia and
Herzegovina
• Britain and France
took lands in the Mid
East and Africa
Russia: Reform and Reaction
• Describe major obstacles to progress in Russia
• Explain why tsars followed a cycle of absolutism, reform, and
reaction
• Understand why the problems of industrialization contributed
to the outbreak of the revolution
Terms, People, and Places
• Colossus
• Alexander II
• Crimean War
• Emancipation
• Zemstvo
• Pogrom
• Refugees
• Duma
• Peter Stolypin
Conditions in Russia
• 1815 Russia was the
largest most
populated country in
Europe
• Nicknamed Colossus
after the ancient
wonder of the world
• Vast natural
resources
• Europeans feared
Russian expansion
• Extremely
economically
underdeveloped
Russia : 1815
Russia’s Social Structure
• Rigid social Structure
• Land owning nobles
• dominated society
• did not want change
• Serfs
• laborers
• bound to the land
• Others were artisans, servants, or soldiers
Ruling with Absolute Power
• At the top of the social structure was the Tsar
• Tsar was absolute monarch
• Under the Tsars there was little reform
• Enlightenment brought some relief but after the outbreak of
the French revolution it was limited
Checkpoint
• Describe the social
structure in Russia
• Tsars
• Land owning nobles
• Serfs
• Artisans, soldiers and
servants
Emancipation and the Stirrings of Revolution
• Tsar Alexander II
came to power 1855
During the Crimean
war
• Crimean war:
between Russia,
Britain and Ottomans
• Continues a pattern
of reform and
repression
• Defeat in war
showed how
backward Russia was
Freeing the Serfs
• Upon the defeat
change was needed
• 1881 Alexander II
issued a
emancipation
declaring all serfs
free
• Freedom brought
problems
• Serfs could not afford
to live on their own
• Many moved to cities
to survive
Introducing other reforms
• Alexander set up a
system of local
governments
• Zemstvos were
responsible for roads,
schools and
agriculture
• Introduced trial by
jury
• Reduced military
terms and harsh
disciplines
Revolutionary Currents
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reforms did not satisfy the masses
Called for a constitution and elected legislature
Socialist Radicles began demanding reform
Some socialist tried to live and work among the people
Had little success because they would get turned in for cash
Failure of the early socialist movement prompted the
government to crack down on freedoms
• March 13 1881 Alexander II was assassinated
Crackdown
• Alexander III response to his fathers assassination was harsh
• To wipe out revolutionaries he…
•
•
•
•
Increased the power of the secret police
Restored strict censorship
Exiled his critics to Siberia
Launched a program of Russianfication
• Russianfication: suppressed non-Russian cultures in the
empire
Persecution and Pogroms
• Russia had acquired a
large Jewish
population
• Employed Pogroms
to control the
population
• Pogroms were
violent mobs that
beat and killed Jews
• Many Jews went into
exile and became
refugees
• Refugees: people
who flee the
homeland to safety
elsewhere
Checkpoint
• How did Alexander III
respond to the
Murder of his father?
• Increased the power
of the secret police
• Restored strict
censorship
• Exiled his critics to
Siberia
• Launched a program
of Russianfication
The Drive to Industrialization
• 1890’s Russia finally
enters the Industrial
age
• Russia built the trans
Siberian railroad
• Many serfs were able
to now find jobs in
factories
• Life was not better
for the former smurfs
it was worse
• Socialist would stand
outside of factories
and issue
propaganda
Turning point: Crisis and Revolution
Under Tsar Nicolas II
Russia loses a war to
Japan
News of the defeat
unleashed pent up
hostility in the people
• Protesters poured
into the streets
demanding better
wages
Bloody Sunday
• Russian Orthodox
priest organized a
peaceful protest
Sunday January 22,
1905
• Marchers headed
toward the Tsar’s
winter palace
• The Tsar escaped and
called for soldiers to
protect him
• About 100 soldiers
met the protestors
and open fired into
the crowd
Revolution of 1905
• The shooting killed
the peoples faith in
the Tsar
• Strikes were
organized all over the
country
• Nicolas finally
organized the Duma
or legislature issuing
the October
Manifesto
• Agreed the Duma
would create the
laws for Russia
Results of the Revolution
• Moderates were
content with the
manifesto
• Hardline socialist
were not and wanted
radicle change
• Nicolas appointed
Peter Stolypin to
Prime Minister
• Stolypin stopped the
pogroms, carried out
arrests and
executions to try to
restore order
• 1911 Stolypin was
assassinated
• 1914 Russian
teetered on the brink
• A3 is the best class I
have!!
Checkpoint
• Why was bloody
Sunday a turning
point for the Russian
people
• After the shooting
the people lost their
faith and trust in the
Tsar