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Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe Building a German Nation • Identify several events that promoted German unity during the early 1800’s • Explain how Bismarck unified Germany • Analyze the basic political organization of the new German Empire Terms, People, and Places • Otto von Bismarck • Chancellor • Realpolitik • Annex • Kaiser • Reich Taking Initial Steps Towards Unity “The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolve but by blood and iron” In the early 1800’s German speaking people lived in a number of small and medium sized states as well as in Prussian and Austrian Hapsburg Empire. Napoleon’s invasion unleashed new forces in these territories Napoleon Raids German Lands • Between 1806 and 1812 Napoleon made important territorial changes in the Rhine Land • Dissolved the Holy roman Empire • Organized a number of German States into The Rhine Confederation • Encouraged changes • Freed serfs • Eased trade restrictions • Abolished laws against Jews • Germans fought to free their lands and soon defeated France Economic Changes Promote Unity • Napoleons defeat lead to a creation of the German Confederation • This only loosely unified Germany • 1830 Prussia created Economic union called the Zollverein • This dismantled tariffs between German states • 1848 the Frankfurt Assembly met and demanded political unity • Offered the throne to Frederick William of Prussia but he declined Checkpoint • What was the German Confederation? • A weak alliance headed by Austria that was created after the defeat of Napoleon Bismarck Unites Germany • Otto von Bismarck • German Junker class was conservative land owners • 1862 was appointed Prime Minister • By 1872 was made Chancellor or highest appointed official by a monarch Master of Realpolitik • Very strong willed • Realpolitik: realistic politics based on the needs of the state • Power was more important than principles • He was not a nationalist, his loyalty was to the ruling dynasty of Prussia • Used unification to bring power to the Hohenzollerns Strengthening the Army • As Chancellor Bismarck built the Army • Legislature refused to allot money for the army • Used funds deemed for other projects • Thought he needed a powerful well equipped army to pursue an aggressive foreign policy • Led Prussian into three wars • Each increased Prussia’s prestige and power and created Prussian Unity Prussian Declares War with Denmark and Austria • 1864 formed an alliance with Austria • Liberated two German provinces, Schleswig and Holstein, from Denmark • Austria got Holstein and Prussia got Schleswig • 1866 attacked Austria • Defeated Austria in about seven weeks and annexed German territories • Dissolved the Austrian led confederation and then instated a Prussian led government France Declares War on Prussia • Victory over Austria angered Napoleon III • Led to the Franco-Prussian War 1870 • Bismarck played up nationalism to the Prussians recalling Napoleons original invasions • Bismarck then rewrote the press telegram that discussed the Prussian King William’s I meeting with French Ambassador • The new telegraph made it seem that William insulted the French • This Drove Napoleon III to declare war on Prussia • Prussian crushed the poorly equipped French and the French soon surrendered Checkpoint • What techniques did Bismarck use to unify Germany? • War with Denmark and Austria • Trickery, and Propaganda with France Birth of the German Empire • After the victory over France other German Princes convinced William to take the role of Kaiser • Kaiser: Emperor of German Empire • They declared Germany the Second Reich or Empire (the HRE was the first) • Bismarck drafted a constitution declaring the Emperor leader and creating a legislature, The Reichstag, comprising of a two houses • The upper house or Bundesrat was appointed by German states the lower or Reichstag was elected by the common people and granted universal male suffrage. Checkpoint • How was the new German Government, drafted by Bismarck, Structured? • Emperor and a constitution and comprised of a two house legislature • The upper house was appointed by German states the lower was elected by the common people. Germany Strengthens • Describe how Germany became an industrial giant • Explain why Bismarck was called the “Iron Chancellor” • List the policies of Keiser William II Terms, People, and Places • Kulturkampf • William II • Social welfare Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant • After Unification Germany emerged as an industrial Giant • By the late 1800’s Chemical and electrical industries were setting the standard • German shipping was second only to Britain • 1883 Power Plant Making Economic Progress Possessed several factors that lead to industrialization • Ample Iron and Coal • Discipline, educated work force • Educated middle class that prided themselves on efficiency • Rapidly growing population Promoting Scientific and Economic Development • Industrialist were first to see the value of applied science in the development of new products • Scientist and German Industrialist collaborated on projects • One of these collaborations led to Germany developing synthetic chemicals and dyes • Industrialist and the government supported these projects in the universities and hired scientist to solve technological problems Checkpoint • What Factors did Germany possess that made industrialization possible? • Ample coal and Iron • Disciplined, educated workforce • Growing population • Made progress in building railroads • Research and development in applied sciences The Iron Chancellor • Bismarck pursued several foreign policy goals • Wanted to keep France weak • Built a strong link between Germany and Russia • Eventually took a stand against Britain Campaigns Against the Catholic Church • Catholics made up about 1/3 of the population of Germany • Bismarck believed Catholics were more loyal to the Pope not the Kaiser • Launched Kulturkampf “battle for civilization” 1871-1878 • The goal was to get Catholics to put aside their loyalties to the Church and embrace the state • Passed laws against Catholics Laws under the Kulturkampf • All catholic education was to be supervised by the state • The state had to approve the appointment of priest • Some religious orders were expelled – Jesuits • People could not be married by the church only the state • Oppression backfired and the Catholics rallied around each other forming a political party • This forced Bismarck to compromise and work with the church Campaign against Socialism • Bismarck also thought Socialism was a threat to Germany • German Marxist organized the Social Democratic Party • The Socialist Democratic Party called for improved conditions for the working class • Feared the Socialist Democratic Party undermined Germany Authority • Passed laws against the party shutting down news papers and banning meetings Germany is a Pioneers in Social Reform • After regulations against the Social Democratic Party failed Bismarck changed course • Created laws to protect workers • By 1890’s Germany had health, accident and old age insurance as well as retirement benefits • However the social democratic party continued to grow and had more seats in the Reichstag than any other party Checkpoint • Why did Bismarck try to crush the Catholic church and the socialist? • He felt they were the two greatest threats to Germany and they each drew attention away from the state Kaiser William II • 1888 William II succeeded his Grand father • Was a traditional Absolute Ruler • Fired Bismarck claiming there can be only one leader of Germany • Provided social welfare or help for certain groups • Continued the build up of the military Checkpoint • Why did William II ask Bismarck to resign? • William II wanted to be the sole ruler of Germany Unifying Italy • List the key obstacles to Italian unity • Understand what roles Count Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi played in the struggle for Italy • Describe the challenges that faced the new nation of Italy Terms, People and Places • Camillo Cavour • Giuseppe Garibaldi • Anarchist • emigration Obstacles to Italian Unity • Italy had been a battleground for ambitious foreign and local princes • Frequent warfare led the people to identify more with their local regions • The invasions of Napoleon sparked dreams of national unity • Austrians ruled the northern states while French ruled the southern states of Naples and Sicily • Nationalist began to form societies that started to fight against the foreign controllers Mazzini Establishes Young Italy • Giuseppe Mazzini founded the secret society Young Italy • Goal was to Constitute Italy into one free, independent republic nation • Tried to set up a government in Rome but the French stopped it Nationalism Takes Root • Ideas grow quickly • It makes sense to unify Italy because of common language and common geography • Nationalism reminded Italians of the glory days of Rome Checkpoint • What forces hindered Italian Unity • War and foreign rule The Struggle for Italy After 1848, leadership of the Risorgimento or Italian nationalist movement, passed to the kingdom of Sardinia. Which include Piedmont. Nice and Savoy as well as the islands of Sardinia. Its constitutional Monarch, Victor Emanuel II, hoped to join other states to his own thereby increasing his power. Cavour Becomes Prime Minister • Camillo Benso count de Cavour is appointed to Prime Minister Believed in Realpolitik • Encouraged commerce • Built Railroads • Supported free trade • Wanted to end Austrian power in Italy Intrigue With France • Sardina joined Britain and France against Russia • Gave Sardinia a place at the table • Entered into a secret pact with France • Wanted to build power to fight Austria • 1859 Carvour provoked a war with Austria to end their power in Italy Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts” • Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian Nationalist and an ally with Mazzini • Formed the “Red Shirts” a unification force made up of Nationalist • Led 1000 Red Shirts volunteers and captured Sicialy Unity at Last • After supporting Garibaldi in Sicily, Cavour feared Garibaldi • Garibaldis success in the south led Cavour to believe that Garibaldi might set up his own republic • Cavour sent troops to take the Papal States this linked the the north and south • In a patriotic move Garibaldi handed over his Control of Naples and Sicily to the North • 1861 Southern Italy approves joining the north uniting Italy Challenge Facing a New Nation • Regional differences created divisions in Italy • • • • • North was richer than the south North was the center for business South was more agricultural North had White Sauce South had Red Sauce • Popes resented the capture of Papal land • Government granted limited control over church properties • Popes urged all Catholics to not cooperate with the government Turmoil • Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional Monarchy • Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two house legislature systems • The upper house comprised of members appointed by Emmanuel that would veto anything from the lower house Emmanuel did not like • This led to unrest and anarchist began to sabotage the political system and riot • Eventually extending the right to vote to more people eased tensions • This turmoil would give rise to the Fascist leaders of the 1900’s Economic Progress • Despite problems Italy did develop economically • Italy was not as abundant in natural resources but some industry emerged in the north • Peasants flocked to the cities for work • Too many people created tension in the cities • Emigration served as a safety valve to relive some of the pressure • People moved to the United States Checkpoint • What problems did Italians experience? • North was richer than the south • North was the center for business • South was more agricultural • North had White Sauce • South had Red Sauce Nationalism Threatens Old Empires • Describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg Empire • List the main characteristics of a dual monarchy • Understand how the growth of nationalism effected the Ottoman Empire Terms, People, and Places • Francis Joseph: inherited the Hapsburg throne at 18,would preside over it until the end of WWI • Ferenc Deak: worked out a compromise to create a duel Monarchy With Austria and Hungary • Dual Monarchy: Monarchy that presided over Austria and Hungary The Hapsburg Empire Declines • Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling family in Europe • Ruled Austria • Acquired parts of Hungary, Poland, Northern Italy, Romania, and the Ukraine Austria Faces Change • After the Congress of Vienna Austria held a strict conservative view • Francis I “Rule and Change Nothing” • Under Francis I Newspapers could not even use the word constitution • Austria could not hold back the wave of change and soon Austria was in the middle of the Industrial revolution A Multinational Empire • Hapsburgs presided over a Multi National Empire • Sometimes rival groups shared regions and would fight • In Addition to Austrians the empire included Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainian, Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, Hungarians, and Italians Francis Joseph Grants Limited Reforms • 1859 Defeated by France and Sardinia • Led to reforms at home • Set up a constitution with a Legislature • Legislature was mostly German and did not get along with the other nationalities of the empire Checkpoint • What actions did Francis Joseph take to maintain power • After being defeated by France and Sardinia, Josephs looked to strengthen his empire. • He did so by creating a constitution and a legislature Formation of the Dual Monarchy • After being defeated by Prussia in 1868 the Hungarians in the Empire pressed for change • Ferenc Deak a moderated Hungarian pushed for a change and his efforts created the Dual Monarchy of Austria- Hungary Austria Hungary The Austrian- Hungary Government • Under the agreement Austria and Hungary remained separate states • Francis Joseph ruled both Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary • Two States shared ministers of Finance, Defense, and Foreign Affairs. All other affairs were separate • Why Create a Dual Monarchy? • It was a compromise to allow the Hungarians to have more control over themselves, but still be under the Austrian Flag Nationalist Unrest Increases • Other subjects resented the compromise • Czechs called for the Slavic people to unite • By the 1900’s the government was paralyzed and could not function “Only through liberty, equality and fraternal solidarity” Czechpoint • How did the Hungarians and Slavic groups respond to the Duel Monarchy? • Hungarians liked it because it gave them power in the government • The Slavic people did not like it because it limited their power The Ottoman Empire Collapses • The Ottoman Empire was the “Sick man of Europe” Balkan Nationalism Erupts • During the 1800’s various groups staged revolts against the Ottomans to gain independence • Serbs gained their freedom as did southern Greece European powers divide up the Ottoman Empire • As the empire weakened European powers quickly scrambled to divide up the land • Russia pushed towards the Black Sea • Austria-Hungary took Bosnia and Herzegovina • Britain and France took lands in the Mid East and Africa War in the Balkans • Ottomans were often at war with France, Russia, and Britain • Subjects revolted and fought amongst them selves • “Balkan Powder Keg” the explosion that started WWI Checkpoint • How did the European powers divide the Ottoman Empire? • Russia pushed towards the Black Sea • Austria-Hungary took Bosnia and Herzegovina • Britain and France took lands in the Mid East and Africa Russia: Reform and Reaction • Describe major obstacles to progress in Russia • Explain why tsars followed a cycle of absolutism, reform, and reaction • Understand why the problems of industrialization contributed to the outbreak of the revolution Terms, People, and Places • Colossus • Alexander II • Crimean War • Emancipation • Zemstvo • Pogrom • Refugees • Duma • Peter Stolypin Conditions in Russia • 1815 Russia was the largest most populated country in Europe • Nicknamed Colossus after the ancient wonder of the world • Vast natural resources • Europeans feared Russian expansion • Extremely economically underdeveloped Russia : 1815 Russia’s Social Structure • Rigid social Structure • Land owning nobles • dominated society • did not want change • Serfs • laborers • bound to the land • Others were artisans, servants, or soldiers Ruling with Absolute Power • At the top of the social structure was the Tsar • Tsar was absolute monarch • Under the Tsars there was little reform • Enlightenment brought some relief but after the outbreak of the French revolution it was limited Checkpoint • Describe the social structure in Russia • Tsars • Land owning nobles • Serfs • Artisans, soldiers and servants Emancipation and the Stirrings of Revolution • Tsar Alexander II came to power 1855 During the Crimean war • Crimean war: between Russia, Britain and Ottomans • Continues a pattern of reform and repression • Defeat in war showed how backward Russia was Freeing the Serfs • Upon the defeat change was needed • 1881 Alexander II issued a emancipation declaring all serfs free • Freedom brought problems • Serfs could not afford to live on their own • Many moved to cities to survive Introducing other reforms • Alexander set up a system of local governments • Zemstvos were responsible for roads, schools and agriculture • Introduced trial by jury • Reduced military terms and harsh disciplines Revolutionary Currents • • • • • • Reforms did not satisfy the masses Called for a constitution and elected legislature Socialist Radicles began demanding reform Some socialist tried to live and work among the people Had little success because they would get turned in for cash Failure of the early socialist movement prompted the government to crack down on freedoms • March 13 1881 Alexander II was assassinated Crackdown • Alexander III response to his fathers assassination was harsh • To wipe out revolutionaries he… • • • • Increased the power of the secret police Restored strict censorship Exiled his critics to Siberia Launched a program of Russianfication • Russianfication: suppressed non-Russian cultures in the empire Persecution and Pogroms • Russia had acquired a large Jewish population • Employed Pogroms to control the population • Pogroms were violent mobs that beat and killed Jews • Many Jews went into exile and became refugees • Refugees: people who flee the homeland to safety elsewhere Checkpoint • How did Alexander III respond to the Murder of his father? • Increased the power of the secret police • Restored strict censorship • Exiled his critics to Siberia • Launched a program of Russianfication The Drive to Industrialization • 1890’s Russia finally enters the Industrial age • Russia built the trans Siberian railroad • Many serfs were able to now find jobs in factories • Life was not better for the former smurfs it was worse • Socialist would stand outside of factories and issue propaganda Turning point: Crisis and Revolution Under Tsar Nicolas II Russia loses a war to Japan News of the defeat unleashed pent up hostility in the people • Protesters poured into the streets demanding better wages Bloody Sunday • Russian Orthodox priest organized a peaceful protest Sunday January 22, 1905 • Marchers headed toward the Tsar’s winter palace • The Tsar escaped and called for soldiers to protect him • About 100 soldiers met the protestors and open fired into the crowd Revolution of 1905 • The shooting killed the peoples faith in the Tsar • Strikes were organized all over the country • Nicolas finally organized the Duma or legislature issuing the October Manifesto • Agreed the Duma would create the laws for Russia Results of the Revolution • Moderates were content with the manifesto • Hardline socialist were not and wanted radicle change • Nicolas appointed Peter Stolypin to Prime Minister • Stolypin stopped the pogroms, carried out arrests and executions to try to restore order • 1911 Stolypin was assassinated • 1914 Russian teetered on the brink • A3 is the best class I have!! Checkpoint • Why was bloody Sunday a turning point for the Russian people • After the shooting the people lost their faith and trust in the Tsar