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The Age of Exploration
Chapter 1: The Spice Islands
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archipelago
rain shadow
monopoly
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Arab
Venetian
Mongols
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Kubilai Khan
Marco Polo
Vocabulary Words
archipelago- a chain of islands
rain shadow- an area that gets less rain because it is on the protected side of a mountain
monopoly- complete control of selling a product or service
Arab- a person who lived in the Middle East
Venetian- a person from Venice, Italy
Mongols- a tribe that controlled much of Asia in the late 1200s
Kubilai Khan- the leader of the Mongols
Marco Polo- a Venetian explorer who traveled all throughout Asia while in service to Kubilai
Khan
Chapter 1: The Spice Islands
1. The desire for spices led to the Age of Exploration.
2. The Moluccas in Indonesia were once known as the Spice Islands. Heat, heavy rainfall, and
rich soil make these islands the perfect location for spice crops.
3. Europeans could not travel to the Spice Islands because their location was a secret.
4. The Arabs had control of the Spice Islands in the Middle Ages, and therefore had a monopoly
on the spice trade.
5. The Arabs would sail to India and the Spice Islands, collect spices and sail west to Egypt.
From there, merchants from Venice would purchase the spices and take them back to
Europe.
6. Both the Arabs and the Venetians grew rich from this trade because they could set whatever
prices they wanted.
The Age of Exploration
7. Eventually, the Venetians grew tired of trading with the Arabs and wished to find the source
of the spices themselves.
8. Two Venetian traders, Maffeo and Niccoló Polo set off on a quest to find the Spice Islands.
They took Niccoló’s son, Marco Polo, along with them as they journeyed across Asia.
The journey took 24 years.
10. During much of this time, they lived with Kubilai Khan, leader of the Mongols. Kubilai
Khan liked Marco Polo and sent him on many diplomatic missions throughout Asia.
11. When Marco Polo returned to Venice, he was captured and thrown in prison. While in
prison, he told his story to a writer, and later, a book was published titled, The Travels of
Marco Polo.
12. This book inspired many Europeans, including Christopher Columbus, to travel and explore.
The Age of Exploration
Chapter 2: Motives and Means
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2
Infidel
The Silk Road
navigation
hull
Vocabulary Words
infidel- someone who does not believe in what is considered the true religion
The Silk Road- a trade route from Asia to Europe by land
navigation- traveling by ship from one place to another
hull- the sides and bottom of a boat
caravels- Portuguese ship designed for sailing across the open ocean
knots- measurement used to determine a ship’s speed
Chapter 2: Motives and Means
1. By the mid-1400’s, Europeans had many motives to explore.
2. Europeans valued spices so highly because the food they ate was not very tasty.
3. In the 1500s, the Turks shut down the Silk Road, causing many Europeans to look for a route
to Asia by sea.
4. Another reason many Europeans wanted to travel to distant lands was to spread Christianity.
5. In order to travel across the open ocean, the Europeans needed new types of ships and new
ways to navigate.
6. The Portuguese invented a new type of ship called the caravel.
7. To navigate, many sailors used the sun and stars. The astrolabe and the sextant were tools
created to help find latitude by measuring the angle from the North Star to the horizon.
8. A ship’s speed was measured by a log attached to a knotted rope. The speed was measured by
how many knots passed through a sailor’s hands in a certain amount of time.
The Age of Exploration
Chapter 3: Portuguese Exploration
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Moor
scurvy
2
Cape of Good Hope
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Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Vocabulary Words
Moor- a North African follower of Islam
scurvy- a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C
Cape of Good Hope- the southern tip of Africa
Chapter 3: Portuguese Exploration
1.The Portuguese were the first to sail south down the western coast of Africa. These explorers
brought back gold, ivory, spices, and slaves.
2. In 1487, Bartolomeu Dias set sail with three ships. They were the first Europeans to sail past
the southern tip of Africa and find a route to the Indian Ocean.
3. In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed even farther around the Cape of Good Hope .
4. As they traveled up the eastern coast of Africa, they ran into trouble from the Arab traders
who did not want to share their trade routes.
5. With the help of an African guide from Malindi, da Gama was able to travel across the Indian
Ocean all the way to Calicut, India.
6. On the return journey, many of the crew became sick with scurvy, and they had to set fire to
one of their own ships because there was not a large enough crew to pilot it.
7. Da Gama and his crew returned to Portuguese in 1499, and he was celebrated as a hero by the
king.
8. After da Gama’s voyage, many follow-up expeditions continued to trade along the African
coast.
9. The Portuguese were never able to set up strong colonies in Africa, and failed to take control
of the interior of the continent. They were, however, able to set up many trading outposts and
break up the Arab monopoly.
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10. Later, a fleet of 13 ships led by Pedro Alvares Cabral set sail from Portuguese to India.
However, the fleet lost their way and ended up on the coast of Brazil.
11. After claiming the land for Portugal, the fleet headed east, but as they reached the Cape of
Good Hope, four ships were lost, and Bartolomeu Dias was among those who drowned.
The Age of Exploration
Chapter 4: Christopher Columbus
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league
mutiny
royal standard
Vocabulary Words
league- an old measurement of distance equal to approximately 3 miles
mutiny- a rebellion against a leader such as a ship’s captain
royal standard- a monarch’s flag
Chapter 4: Christopher Columbus
1. On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus and his fleet of three ships, the Niña, the
Pinta, and the Santa Maria set sail from Spain.
2. Columbus believed the world was round, but he also thought the earth was much smaller
than it actually is. He believed he could sail west from Spain and reach the East Indies.
3. The ships sailed for a month without sight of land, and the crew was becoming nervous.
They threatened to mutiny if Columbus didn’t turn the ships around.
4. On October 12, 1492, the crew finally sighted land they thought was Asia, but it was
actually the Bahamas.
5. Columbus was convinced he was on an island in the East Indies, and called the natives,
Indians.
6. After trading with the natives, Columbus continued to travel further west, and next
landed on the shores of Cuba and Hispaniola.
7. In January of 1493, Columbus and his fleet set sail back to Spain. Upon his return, he was
richly rewarded by the king and queen of Spain.
8. Now that Spain and Portugal were both exploring, the created The Treaty of Tordesillas.
This agreement said that everything west of the Cape Verde Islands could be claimed by
Spain, and everything to the east could be claimed by Portugal.
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9. Only Brazil was on the Portuguese side of the line. This is why Brazil speaks Portuguese
today while the rest of South America speaks Spanish.
10.Columbus made three more voyages to the Americas during the next few years to further
explore the territory for Spain, but these voyages were not very successful, and Columbus
lost much of his popularity.
11.Columbus died in 1506, and in 1542 his remains were sent back to Hispaniola , and he is
buried in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo.
The Age of Exploration
Chapter 5: A Spanish Empire and Its Critics
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Vasco Núñez de Balboa
conquistador
encomiendas
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Vocabulary Words
encomiendas- Spanish land and labor arrangements
Chapter 5: A Spanish Empire and Its Critics
1. After the death of Columbus, the Spanish continued to explore the Americas.
2. Within 20 years of the arrival of the Spaniards, the population of the natives went from 1
million to 30,000.
3.Because so many natives had died, the Spanish began bringing African slaves to the Americas
to work in their gold mines, cattle ranches, and sugar plantations.
4. From 1495-1535, the Spanish conquistadors conquered much of Central and South America.
5. Before Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas, he worked for another conquistador named
Vasco Núñez de Balboa.
6. Balboa and Pizarro explored Panama together and were told about a great sea to the west. In
1513, the men led an expedition across the jungles of Panama, discovered the Pacific Ocean,
and claimed all the lands that it touched for Spain.
7. Later, Balboa got into a disagreement with the governor of Panama. The governor had
Balboa arrested by Pizarro, and Balboa was eventually beheaded after an unfair trial.
8. To encourage Spanish settlers to move to this new territory, the Spanish set up land and labor
arrangements called encomiendas where a settler was given a large plot of land and a group of
native workers. This led to the enslavement of the natives.
9. While many Spaniards became rich by conquering or enslaving the natives, Bartolomé de Las
Casas spoke out against the cruelty.
10. Las Casas wrote a book which helped to change the laws against the mistreatment of the
natives. However, the laws were difficult to enforce so far from Spain, and the natives
continued to be treated unfairly.
The Age of Exploration
Chapter 6: Magellan’s Voyage
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Ferdinand Magellan
circumnavigate
Vocabulary Words
circumnavigate- to travel completely around something by water
Straits of Magellan- straits located near the southern tip of South America which pass from the
Atlantic to Pacific Oceans.
Chapter 6: Magellan’s Voyage
1. While the conquistadors continued to conquer the new lands, captains continued to explore
the oceans. One of these explorers was a Portuguese man named Ferdinand Magellan.
2. Magellan was known for being hot-tempered, and as a result, he lost the support of the
Portuguese king. Magellan then turned to Spain to support his voyages.
3. In 1519, Magellan led a fleet of five ships to Brazil to investigate the rumor of a strait that
would cut through the continent to the Pacific Ocean. They were unable to find the strait, and
Magellan had to face two mutinies. Both times he regained control of the crew.
4. After their failed attempt at finding the strait, the crew wanted to head east toward Africa and
the trade routes. Magellan refused, the fleet headed farther south.
5. Near the southern tip of South America, the crew finally discovered the strait. The straits
were later named, The Straits of Magellan.
6. The men did not want to sail through the dangerous straits, and the crew of one of the ships
mutinied. The other ships made it successfully through the straits and reached the Pacific Ocean
which was named by Magellan because of its peaceful waters.
7. Once in the Pacific, the fleet sailed west thinking it would take only a few days to cross the
ocean. It took four months. They eventually landed in the Philippines.
8. While exploring the Philippines, Magellan was killed during a battle among some village
chieftains.
9. Afterward, the crew sailed home and finally reached Spain in 1522, nearly three years after
the start of their journey. Only one ship and 18 of the original crew survived.
10. These men are remembered as the first to circumnavigate the globe.
The Age of Exploration
Chapter 7: England Explores and Colonizes
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joint-stock company
John Cabot
Sir Francis Drake
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armada
Vocabulary Words
joint-stock company – a company that raises money by selling shares, or interest in the
company, in the form of stock
armada- a fleet of big ships loaded with heavy cannons and soldiers
Chapter 7: England Explores and Colonizes
1. In 1490, Giovanni Caboto, an Italian seaman, traveled to Spain and Portugal seeking support
for a northwestern voyage across the Atlantic Ocean seeking another route to the Spice Islands.
2. Neither country would give him financial support, so Caboto traveled to England and
changed his name to John Cabot. King Henry VII was happy to give Cabot support for his
voyage hoping it would make England wealthy.
3. John Cabot set sail in 1497 with one ship and 18 crewmen. Five weeks later, they saw “new
found land” which they thought was an island off the coast of Asia. They returned to England to
report their findings.
4. The next year, Cabot set sail with five ships. One ship turned back to England after a storm,
but Cabot and the other four ships were lost and never seen again.
5. Francis Drake was an English pirate who would rob Spanish and Portuguese ships and take
their treasures back to England and Queen Elizabeth.
6. Eventually, Drake led an expedition across the Atlantic and through the Straits of Magellan.
Drake and his crew traveled up the west coast of South America, raiding ships and ports along
the way.
7. Drake and the crew of his ship, The Golden Hind, traveled as far north as the western coast of
Canada.
8. Drake then sailed across the Pacific Ocean to the Spice Islands and returned to England with
a cargo full of gold, silver and spices.
9. Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth as a reward for his achievement.
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10. The Spanish demanded that Queen Elizabeth return their stolen treasure and have Drake
hanged. The queen refused, and Spain declared war on England.
11. The Spanish Armada set sail to invade England in 1588. The English defeated the larger
Spanish force by using creative strategies.
12. After Spain lost this war with England, the English had control more control of the seas and
began to settle colonies in North America.
13. The first English colony in North America was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 in
North Carolina. However, in 1590, a supply ship reached the colony to find it deserted. No one
knows what happened to the people of the “Lost Colony.”
14. In 1607, a joint-stock company called the London Company started a colony at Jamestown,
Virginia which became the first permanent English settlement in North America.
15. Later, in 1620, the Pilgrims settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Ten years later, the Puritans
formed the Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston.
16. During the 1600’s, the English settled the east coast of North America from Newfoundland
to the Caribbean. The English also settled many colonies in India to take part in the spice trade.
The Age of Exploration
Chapter 8: France and the Fur Trade
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cartographer
Giovanni da Verrazano
Jacques Cartier
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Samuel de Champlain
portage
Jacques Marquette
Louis Jolliet
Vocabulary Words
cartographer- a mapmaker
portage- to carry a canoe and supplies overland from one waterway to another.
Chapter 8: France and the Fur Trade
1. In 1524, the king of France hired an Italian explorer named Giovanni da Verrazano to search
for the Northwest Passage. His brother, a cartographer, sailed with him to map the Atlantic
coast of North America.
2. Verrazano was the first European to sail up the Atlantic coast of North America from North
Carolina to Newfoundland. He also discovered New York Bay.
3. During his third voyage to the Americas, Verrazano encountered some cannibals in the West
Indies who captured, killed and ate him.
4. After Verrazano’s death, the king of France sent Jacques Cartier to explore North America.
5. Cartier explored Labrador, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the St. Lawrence River. He claimed
the land and called it New France.
6. While wintering there, Cartier and his men became sick with scurvy. The Indians in the
region befriended them and taught them how to make an evergreen drink which cured them. In
the spring, they sailed back to France.
7. In 1603, Samuel de Champlain sailed to New France and explored the coasts of Maine and
Nova Scotia. Champlain set up a colony in what is now Quebec along the St. Lawrence River.
8. Settlers who came to New France were mostly fur traders who traded goods with the Indians
for beaver pelts which were used in Europe for making men’s hats.
9. In 1673, two fur traders, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first Europeans to
reach the Mississippi River.
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10. In 1682, and explorer named La Salle sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of
Mexico. La Salle claimed all the land drained by the Mississippi River for France.
The Age of Exploration
Chapter 9: Dutch Trade
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charter
Henry Hudson
Vocabulary Words
charter- a document issued by an authority giving a group certain rights
Chapter 9: Dutch Trade
1. In 1588, when the Spanish Armada was defeated by England, the Dutch saw this as an
opportunity to enter the spice trade.
2. The Dutch set up a trade center on the island of Java in present-day Indonesia. Then the
Dutch set up a joint-stock company called the Dutch East India Company.
3. The company received a charter from the government giving it a monopoly on all the trade
from the Cape of Good Hope in Africa to the Straits of Magellan in South America.
4. The Dutch discovered that they needed a settlement along the way from the Spice Islands to
the Netherlands, so they set up a colony in Cape Town, South Africa.
5. In 1609, an English explorer, Henry Hudson, got a job with the Dutch East India Company.
He, too, was looking for the Northwest Passage from Europe to the East Indies.
6. Hudson sailed far north along the coast of Norway, and then across the Atlantic Ocean and
down the coast of North America. He claimed the land near what is now the Hudson River for
the Netherlands.
7. Hudson thought that this river was the Northwest Passage, but eventually, the river became
too shallow to sail, and he returned to Europe.
8. On his second trip to North America, Hudson sailed further north and discovered what is now
the Hudson Bay in Canada. The Hudson Bay was so large, he thought he had found the Pacific
Ocean.
9. They soon realized they were in an inland sea, and as the winter came, the ship got stuck in
the ice, food and supplies ran low, and the crew mutinied. They put Hudson, his son, and some
loyal sailors in a small boat and left them there. They were never heard from again.
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10. In 1614, the Dutch formed a new joint-stock company called the New Netherland Company,
and they set up a fur trading post on the Hudson River in what is now Albany, New York.
11. The Dutch had a difficult time getting settlers to live in the new colony. Eventually, the
Dutch West India Company took over the area, and they bought the island of Manhattan from
the Indians for beads and trinkets worth about $24.
13. The Dutch built a town on this island called New Amsterdam. In 1664, an English warship
took over the colony and changed the name of New Amsterdam to New York.
The Age of Exploration
Chapter 10: Slavery
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hold
indentured servant
Vocabulary Words
hold- the interior of a ship below the decks
indentured servant- a person who owes an employer a certain amount of work for a certain
amount of time
Chapter 10: Slavery
1. The African slave trade was opened in 1415 when the Portuguese began exploring and
trading along parts of western and eastern Africa.
2. As the Portuguese and Spanish began colonizing islands in the Atlantic and Caribbean, they
began to plant sugar. In order to harvest a large enough crop to be profitable, they began to use
slave labor.
3. In the 1600’s, the English colonized several islands in the Caribbean and also used African
slaves on their sugar plantations.
4. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to take part in the slave trade, but later, the Dutch
took over. The city of Elmina (in present-day Ghana) was the center of the Dutch slave trade.
5. First, Africans were captured either by European slavers, or by warring African tribes. They
were then marched to a seaport like Elmina. From there, they were packed onto ships to journey
across the Atlantic. Those who survived the journey were sold at a slave market in the Americas
and then transported to plantations.
6. The trip across the Atlantic Ocean was known as The Middle Passage. On this terrible
journey, the slaves were treated more like cattle than people. About 15 percent of slaves did not
survive the voyage.
7. In the North American colonies of the northeast, the conditions were not ideal for growing
cash crops, so there was no need for slaves. In the southern colonies, however, plantation
owners growing tobacco needed many workers.
8. At first, these southern plantations relied on indentured servants from England, but over time,
this cost the plantation owners money when the indentured servants were released. Eventually,
these plantation owners began using slaves.
The Age of Exploration
9. When slaves were purchased, families were often broken up. On the plantation, slaves had no
freedom. They were often mistreated by their owners, and they were not allowed to be taught to
read and write.
10. Slaves worked from dawn to dusk. The conditions were difficult, and if they did not work
hard enough, an overseer would whip them.
11. Slavery existed in the American South until the end of the Civil War.