Download Lecture 2 Summer 2011

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY # 2 – SUMMER 2011
1. Sedimentary layering is termed A.stratification B.lithification C.diagnesis D.subduction E.grade
2. An increase in ? is most important in developing contact metamorphic processes. A.temperature
B.chemically-active fluids C.pressure D.all of the above are equally important in contact metamorphism
3. ? is the number one exporter of petroleum. A.Saudi Arabia B.Iraq C.Kuwait D.Nigeria E.Canada
4. Cinder cones are made primarily of ? material. A.aphanitic B.phaneritic C.porphyritic D.vesicular
E.pyroclastic
5. Index Minerals are used in mapping A.metasomatism B.regional dynamothermal metamorphism C.contact
metamorphism D.impact metamorphism E.cataclastic metamorphism
6. ? lava is formed where lava is extruded under water. A.aa B.pahoehoe C.pillow
7. Felsic rocks are rich in A.silica and aluminum B.iron and magnesium C.felsic rocks are rich in all of the
above
8. ? produces “skarns”. A.metasomatism B.regional dynamothermal metamorphism C.contact metamorphism
D.impact metamorphism E.cataclastic metamorphism
9. Bitumen is an important component in A.natural gas B.petroleum C.tar sands D.oil shale E.coal
10. Kimberlite pipes are a major source of A.gold B.silver C.copper D.diamonds E.all of the above are
equally abundant in kimberlite pipes
11. Most rocks on the Earth’s surface are ? rocks. A.igneous B.metamorphic C.sedimentary
12. Mantle rocks are of ? composition. A.felsic B.intermediate C.mafic D.ultramafic
13. Coal ? be converted into synthetic natural gas, methanol or synthetic gasoline. A.can B.cannot
14. Rhyolite has ? quartz and potassium feldspar than basalt. A.less B.more C.the amount of quartz is the
same in both rocks
15. The most important transporter of sediment is A.wind B.glacial ice C.water D.gravity
16. Directed pressures are especially important in the development of ? metamorphic rocks. A.foliated
B.nonfoliated C.both foliated and nonfoliated rocks are equally influenced by directed pressures
17. Stuctural and stratigraphic traps are important features in the exploration for A.placers B.coal deposits
C.petroleum deposits D.structural and stratigraphic traps are important features in exploration for all of the
above
18. Lithification is a process that is important in the formation of ? rocks. A.igneous B.metamorphic
C.sedimentary
19. A “stock” would be most similar to a A.laccolith B.batholith C.dike D.sill E.lopolith
20. ? were probably formed due to bacteriogenic activity; they typically range in age from 2.6 to 1.6 billion
years. A.placers B.phosphorites C.banded iron formations D.freshwater evaporites E.marine evaporites
21. An “aureole” develops as a result of A.metasomatism B.regional dynamothermal metamorphism C.contact
metamorphism D.impact metamorphism E.cataclastic metamorphism
22. ? are hollow, subspherical structures that are formed where crystals grow inward toward water-filled
pockets. A.nodules B.geodes C.concretions D.all of the above are hollow, subspherical structures that are
formed around water-filled pocket
23. The presence of a Sillimanite Zone suggests ? Grade Metamorphism. A.Low B.Middle C.High
24. The highest grade of coal is A.anthracite B.bituminous C.lignite D.peat
25. The Greenschist, Blueschist, Amphibolite and Granulite Facies are produced by A.metasomatism
B.regional dynamothermal metamorphism C.contact metamorphism D.impact metamorphism
E.cataclastic metamorphism
26. Most dikes and sills are made of A.basalt B.rhyolite C.obsidian D.granite E.peridotite
27. Bowen’s Reaction Series pertains to the A.sequence in which minerals crystallize in igneous rocks
B.weathering of sedimentary rocks C.formation of metamorphic rocks D.melting of rocks E.all of the
above are part of Bowen’s Reaction Series
28. Which of the following influences the development of metamorphic rocks? A.increased temperature
B.increased pressure C.the presence of chemically-active fluids D.all of the above influence the
development of metamorphic rocks
29. ? is a mafic phaneritic igneous rock. A.basalt B.diorite C.granite D.gabbro E.peridotite
30. ? is mostly composed of methane; it also contains propane and butane. A.natural gas B.petroleum C.tar
sands D.oil shale E.coal
31. ? are pieces of host (“foreign”) rock found in a pluton. A.vesicles B.pahoehoe C.aa D.xenoliths
E.pyroclastic rocks
32. Which of the following rocks would most likely form within the mantle? A.granite B.andesite C.rhyolite
D.peridotite E.basalt
33. Most coal was formed in ancient A.lakes B.marine environments C.deltas D.alluvial fans E.aeolian
deposits
34. Columnar joints are due to the cooling of A.granite batholiths B.gabbro batholiths C.basalt lava flows
D.all of the above may form columnar joints
35. ? rocks form from pre-existing rocks through solid-state transformation. A.igneous B.metamorphic
C.sedimentary
36. Calderas are depressions that are found at the top of A.batholiths B.dikes C.sills D.laccoliths E.volcanoes
37. ? rocks form from a magma. A.sedimentary B.metamorphic C.igneous
38. ? develops over large areas, and are most often related to orogenies. A.metasomatism B.regional
dynamothermal metamorphism C.contact metamorphism D.impact metamorphism E.cataclastic
metamorphism
39. Chromium and platinum deposits are often formed due to A.hydrothermal solutions B.pegmatites C.crystal
settling D.all of the above are equally important in forming chromium and platinum deposits
40. The melting temperature of a rock depends upon A.its depth of burial B.the presence of fluxes C.the
amount of pressure exerted on the rock D.the rock’s chemical composition E.all of the above affect the
melting temperature of rocks
41. ? rocks may be formed by consolidating loose particles, by chemical precipitation, or from the remains of
organisms. A.igneous B.metamorphic C.sedimentary
42. Mafic magma typically has ? viscosity and results in ? explosive eruptions than felsic magma. A.less, less
B.less, more C.more, less D.more, more
43. The U. S. ? large reserves of oil shale. A.has B.does not have
44. Phenocrysts are found in ? textures. A.aphanitic B.phaneritic C.pegmatitic D.pyroclastic E.porphyritic
45. With increased transport of sediment, roundness of grains ? and sorting is ?. A.increases, better
B.increases, worse C.decreases, better D.decreases, worse
46. ? occurs where oceanic plates “dive” beneath continental or other oceanic plates. A.rifting B.suturing
C.obduction D.subduction
47. Laccoliths are ? structures. A.metamorphic B.sedimentary C.igneous
48. With increased metamorphism, the grain size in rocks often A.increases B.decreases C.stays the same
49. Tephra forms ? rocks. A.aphanitic B.phaneritic C.porphyritic D.vesicular E.pyroclastic
50. ? develops along faults. A.metasomatism B.regional dynamothermal metamorphism C.contact
metamorphism D.impact metamorphism E.cataclastic metamorphism
51. Basalt and gabbro would be classified as rocks with a ? composition. A.felsic B.intermediate C.mafic
D.ultramafic
52. The most abundant rocks within the Earth are A.sedimentary B.metamorphic C.igneous
53. Ripple marks and cross-bedding ? be used to determine ancient current direction. A.can B.cannot
54. Water and carbon dioxide alter rocks through the process known as A.diastrophism B.lithification
C.cementation D.metasomatism E.impact metamorphism
55. Kerogen is an especially important component in A.natural gas B.petroleum C.tar sands D.oil shale
E.coal
56. Andesite is of ? composition. A.felsic B.intermediate C.mafic D.ultramafic
57. ? lava consists of jagged, blocky pieces of lava. A.aa B.pahoehoe C.pillow
58. A chemically mature sediment would be especially rich in A.feldspar B.olivine C.augite D.hornblende
E.quartz
59. Veins, disseminations and blankets are morphologies often associated with ? deposits. A.hydrothermal
B.placer C.pegmatite D.crystal fractionation E.all of the above may form veins, disseminations and
blankets
60. A ? is a tabular concordant pluton. A.laccolith B.batholith C.dike D.sill E.lopolith
61. ? often form in playas; borax is a common economic mineral. A.placers B.phosphorites C.banded iron
formations D.nonmarine evaporites E.marine evaporites
62. The Hawaiian volcanoes would be classified as ? volcanoes. A.shield B.composite C.some Hawaiian
volcanoes are shield volcanoes, others are composite volcanoes
63. Coal was formed from the remains of A.plants B.animals C.some coal was made from plants; other coal
was made from animals
64. Rhyolite and basalt have ? textures. A.aphanitic B.phaneritic C.pegmatitic D.pyroclastic
65. The most common intrusive igneous rock in continental areas is A.basalt B.diorite C.granite D.gabbro
E.peridotite
66. Analyses of salt domes and basin faults are especially important for oil exploration in the A.Panhandle
B.West Texas/Permian Basin C.North Texas area D.Gulf Coast
67. Nodules and concretions are ? sedimentary structures. A.primary B.secondary
68. Volatile streaming is an important process in the formation of some ? rocks. A.sedimentary B.metamorphic
C.igneous
69. Weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks typically forms ? sedimentary rocks. A.clastic B.chemical
C.biochemical D.all of the above may form from weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks
70. OPEC countries have about ? of the World’s oil reserves. A.one-tenth B.one-fifth C.one-third D.one-half
E.two-thirds
71. Sediment turns into sedimentary rock by A.cementation B.crystallization C.compaction D.all of the above
are important for turning sediment into sedimentary rock
72. ? are large igneous particles that become streamlined when they are thrown in the air before solidifying.
A.ash B.cinders C.blocks D.bombs E.all of the above are large igneous particles that become streamlined
when they are thrown in the air before solidifying
73. Ignimbrites are A.intrusive igneous rocks B.extrusive igneous rocks C.sedimentary rocks D.metamorphic
rocks
74. ? is a texture with extremely large crystals due to the presence of magmatic water. A.aphanitic
B.phaneritic C.pegmatitic D.pyroclastic E.porphyritic
75. The source rock and reservoir rock for hydrocarbons ? the same. A.is typically B.is typically not
76. Pahoehoe develops from ? viscous lava than aa. A.less B.more C.there is no difference in the viscosity of
the lava
77. Phyllite is a rock that forms under ? grades of metamorphism. A.lower B.higher C.phyllites can form in
low- or high-grade metamorphic conditions