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Study of Life Chapter 1 Themes AP Biology 2007-2008 Why study themes of Biology? Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge too much to memorize it all need to generalize create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge themes are the key to understanding the nature of living organisms AP Biology 8 Themes in biology Science as a process of inquiry called inductive reasoning questioning & investigation Evolution Energy transfer Continuity & Change Relationship of structure to function Regulation Interdependence in nature Science, technology & society AP Biology Science as a process of inquiry AP Biology Science as a process of inquiry Built on repeatable observations & testable, falsifiable hypotheses AP Biology Natural selection Evolutionary change is a product of the process of natural selection –can produce new species AP Biology Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations. "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." -- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973 Geneticist, Columbia University (1900-1975) AP Biology 2007-2008 Evolution explains unity & diversity (all life is connected through evolution) Unity what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist? common biochemistry & physiology evolutionary relationships connected through common ancestor Diversity but why are there differences? natural selection adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments AP Biology The origin of species Charles Darwin presented two ideas: Current species arose from a succesion of ancestors through “decent with modification “ (evolution) The mechanism of evolution is natural selection He observed this by 1. Individuals in a population of any species vary in many heritable traits 2. Any population can potentially produce far more offspring than the environment can support Result of these 2 a struggle for existence among variant members of a population AP Biology AP Biology Organizing systems Making sense out of the diversity Hierarchical scheme Loss of order or free energy flow = death Eastern gray squirrel AP Sciurus Biology carolinensis 3 Domains of Life Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Bacteria AP Biology Archaea Eukarya Energy transfer Life is an open system need input of energy energy flows through energy comes in, energy goes out need a constant input need input of materials nutrients are recycled around & around AP Biology DECOMPOSERS ENTROPY RULES! RULE, too! nutrients Energy utilization You think they’re eating… They’re harvesting energy! AP Biology Continuity & change Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next You can make more, a lot like you! AP Biology T R A I T Form follows function The alignment of structure & function is seen at all levels of biology organism cell AP Biology organ organelle Regulation Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions maintain homeostasis achieve this through feedback monitor the body like a thermostat turn on when it’s needed, off when its not AP Biology Interdependence No organism is an island standing alone AP Biology communities, ecosystems Science, technology & society Science & technology must function within the rules of society AP Biology ethics Themes Science as a process of inquiry questioning & investigation Evolution Energy transfer Continuity & Change Relationship of structure to function Regulation Interdependence in nature Science, technology & society AP Biology What Makes Something Living? Living things share the same 7 characteristics: A. Organization and cells B. Response to stimuli C. Homeostasis D. Metabolism E. Growth and development F. Reproduction G. Evolution AP Biology ANY QUESTIONS? AP Biology