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Chapter 2 Early Civilizations Lesson 1 – The Fertile Crescent A. Civilization Begins 1. civilizations – groups of people who have a complex and organized society within their own culture a. Customs b. Food supply c. Social divisions d. Government e. Religion f. Technology B. Fertile Crescent - Mesopotamia 1. 2. 3. 4. Fertile (rich soil…shaped like a crescent) Where the first peoples lived in groups Lands of Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Israel Mesopotamia…land between 2 rivers a. Tigris b. Euphrates C - Climate • Long, hot, dry summers • No rain May to October • November to April heavy rain can cause flooding • Irrigation trenches and ditches that brought water to the fields D- The People • Reeds to build huts • Bricks by mixing mud with straw • Dried in the sun • most people worked as farmers or herders of domesticated goats, cattle, and sheep • Transported foods and goods on the rivers • Surplus food was a major step toward the rise of civilization in Southern Mesopotamia E – Growth of the City States • 1. city state – city that acts like a state • Artisan – craftsperson who helps make things for the city-states • Some people became traders…through trade Mesopotamians came into contact with others and spread their culture Causes Rainfall was too low in Mesopotamia Populations in Southern Mesopotamia grew. Mesopotamia lacked many natural resources. Effects Causes Rainfall was too low in Mesopotamia Effects They put in irrigation systems Populations in Southern City-states were Mesopotamia grew. established Mesopotamia lacked Trade was established many natural resources. with other peoples. Lesson 2 – Mesopotamia A. Sumer and Akkad 2 city states: Sumer in the South and Akkad in the North 1. similar societies, main difference was language 2. People constructed ziggurats – temples formed by stacked rectangular platforms that formed a huge pyramid type structure…reaching for the heavens B. Religion and Government 1. polytheism – belief in many gods 2. society – organized community with established rules and traditions 3. divine kingship – belief that the right to rule was given by god 4. right to rule could be passed from father to son 5. Sumerian Class system: a. King b. Wealthy businesspeople, landowners and government workers c. Artisans and farm workers d. slaves C - Writing 1. Writing was developed to keep track of business transactions 2. Scribe – professional writer 3. Cuneiform – wedge shaped markings 4. Writing was a giant step forward for civilization D – Rise and Fall of Akkadia 1. Sargon, Sumerian ruler who expanded trade and wealth in Akkadia 2. Akkadians conquered city-states 3. Created an empire (large territory under a single ruler) 4. Dynasty – ruling family E – Sumer’s Final Days 1. Last dynasty was in 2000 B.C. …slowly Sumer declined and Sumer fell to invaders from the North (Akkadia) 2. Cuneiform, ziggurats and the wheel were first used by Sumerians 3. Sumerians gave the world writing, religion, and technology Lesson 3 – Babylonia and Assyria A. Hammurabi and Babylonia 1. After Ur fell, people began traveling to Babylon 2.Hammurabi became king of Babylon. He was a great leader and his empire was known as Babylonia. B. Babylonian Civilization 1. daily life did not change under Hammurabi, but Babylonians spoke their own language 2. Babylon became a center of culture and learning…math, literature and law Hanging Gardens of Babylon Ancient Mesopotamia C. Code of Hammurabi 1. 282 laws (some based on Sumerian and Akkadian law) 2. business practices, property ownership, medical practice, marriage, childcare 3. Most complete code of law to survive…we can learn about Babylonian life and society D. Hammurabi purpose…”to render good to the people, to make justice…to destroy the evil…” E. Different punishments based on the loss of the lawbreaker and the victim of the crime…”an eye for an eye…or a tooth for a tooth.” D – The Assyrians 1. Babylonia (bottom) southern Mesopotamia…Assyrians northern Mesopotamia 2. Assyrians placed higher value on war and conquest than Babylonians 3. Babylonia grew under Nebuchadnezzar and then declined after his death Lesson 4: Hebrews, Phoenicians and Lydians I – The Hebrews A. Abraham (Ur) God spoke to him and told him to leave his homeland and resettle in Canaan 1. covenant – agreement 2. monotheism – worship of only one God, key principle of Judaism B. Hebrews lived in Canaan before moving to Egypt…the Egyptians forced them into slavery C. Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt into the Promised Land. D. God gave Moses the Ten Commandments 1. These laws were different from Hammurabi…they provided guidance for the worship of God and rules for moral behavior E. God expanded the covenant to include people escaping from Egypt and descendants of Abraham F. Hebrew Bible 1. Torah (first 5 books of Hebrew Bible), torah means “to teach” 2. provides guidance and laws for the Jewish people 3. early Hebrews recorded information in Torah for later Hebrews to study G. Israel and Judah 1. Hebrews settled in Canaan and lived in 12 tribes 2. Deborah was a judge who encouraged a military leader to gather the tribes and attack the Canaanites 3. Deborah is viewed as a national leader…she was a prophet and judge 4. King David united the tribes and founded the kingdom of Israel (1,000BC)…the capital was in Jerusalem 5. David’s son, Solomon, built a temple to house the Torah 6. After Solomon’s death, the kingdom split Israel North Judah South 7. Kingdom of Israel fell to the Assyrians in 722 B.C. and the people fled 8. Judah fell to the Babylonians (Nebuchadnezzar II)…he forced many Judeans to live in Babylonia. 9. The Jewish people continued to practice their religion and eventually returned to Jerusalem II – Phoenicians and Lydians A. Phoenicians - Trade partners of Solomon 1. Well known throughout the trading world 2. Carthage – most important trading post…in North Africa! 3. They may have traded as far north as Europe 4. They linked most of the ancient world through trade, which promoted the exchange of new ideas and the exchange of goods 5. Alphabet – 22 characters for writing, each character stood for a consonant…the Greeks added vowels! 6. Lydians had trouble with payments – people usually bartered (exchange of goods and services for others) a. Some paid in rings of silver or bars of gold 7. Lydians (western Asia) invented coins by 500BC a. Coins made trading simpler and easier