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**Last Updated: Nov/2/05** Fixed my stupid mistakes, added numerals, expanded derivation. Máotatšàlì Máotatšàlì is the language spoken by the Tymúlaslì people of the northerly island of Tymytỳs in the West Seas. The large island iss dominated by a single kingdom, but several small groups not directly connected to the kingdom also exist in the far north of the island and on several neighboring islands. Some of these groups speak dialects of Máotatšàlì or closely related languages, while others speak the languages of the Núalís family. Phonology Consonants Máotatšàlì has 13 consonants: Labial Dental Postalveolar Velar Stop /p/ /t/ /k/ Affricate /ts/ /tS/ Fricative /s z/ /S/ /* G/ Nasal /m/ /n/ Approximant /w/ /l/ The following transcriptions will be used: • • • • tš for /tS/ š for /S/ g for /G/ All others are the same as X-SAMPA */x/ appears in lower class dialects, usually attached to the beginning of words that would otherwise begin with a vowel. Vowels Máotatšàlì has 5 vowels and 2 diphthongs Front Middle Back High /i iw/ /1/ /u/ Mid Low /{/ /a aw/ The following transcriptions will be used: • y for /1/ • • • • æ for /{/ io for /iw/ ao for /aw/ All others are the same as X-SAMPA In addition these vowels snow also has three tones. All are level tones. • • • High tone is indicated with an acute accent on the vowel, eg. á, í, ǽ, etc Mid tone is indicated with a regular vowel, eg. a, i, æ, etc Low tone is indicated with a grave accent on the vowel, eg. à, ì, æ`, etc Phonotactics Máotatšàlì allows four types of syllables • • • • vowel only, eg. ỳ> consonant + vowel, eg. zu vowel + s/š, eg. uš consonant + vowel + s/š, eg. kǽs The š does appear at the end of syllables, but many speakers are realizing this as [s] and syllable final [S] is becoming rarer and rarer. Syllabification The only situations where recognizing syllable separations may be a problem is when there is an s or š between two vowels. ísàmìo In a case like this, the s or š always acts as a final consonant for the preceding vowel. ís-à-mìo Another point to indicate here is that when ao or io precede w the diphthong reduces to a or i. The orthography will, however be maintained in this document. tiokàowùs > /tiwkawus/ Morphology Nominal Morphology Máotatšàlì nouns decline for number and case. There are 3 cases, as well as three different declension paradigms Nominative Accusative Dative A Singular -s -sỳs -nìo A Plural -tsìos -tsỳs -tsìnìo B Singular -/-ì* -ỳs -nìo B Plural -tsìos -tsỳs -tsìnìo C Singular C Plural -lì -tsìos -wùs -tsùs -nìo -tsìnìo * Add no suffix when the root ends in s. Add -ì when the root ends in š. Nouns ending in y and æ will always be A nouns. Nouns ending in s and š will always be B nouns. Nouns ending in ao or io will always be C nouns. Nouns ending a, i, or u in high tone will always be A nouns. Others ending in a, i, or u will almost always be C nouns, but some are A nouns. While it is not necessary to use the plural form when the number is known from other sources (eg. numerals), it is often used anyway. Both forms are in common usage. Using the plural in these cases, however, is more common among the lower class citizens, particularly in urban areas. Here are full paradigms for a few nouns. A Noun: root is ta-tší "boy" SINGULA R PLURAL NOMINATIV ACCUSATIV E TA-TŠÍS E DATIVE TA-TŠÍS-ỲS TA-TŠÍ-NÌO TA-TŠÍTSÌOS TA-TŠÍTSỲS TA-TŠÍTSÌNÌO B NOUN: ROOT IS Ù-ZÙS "lemming" Nominative Accusative Dative Singular ù-zùs ù-zùs-ỳs ù-zùs-nìo Plural ù-zùs-tsìos ù-zùs-tsỳs ù-zùs-tsìnìo C Noun: root is à-ma "sun" SINGULA R PLURAL NOMINATIV ACCUSATIV E E À-MA-LÌ À-MA-WÙS À-MA-TSÌOS À-MA-TSÙS DATIVE À-MA-NÌO À-MATSÌNÌO Case Usage Nominative THE NOMINATIVE IS USED FOR THE SUBJECT (AGENT FOR TRANSITIVE, EXPERIENCER FOR INTRANSITIVE): GÌTIOSỲNYŠ Æ`S. COME-SPR-CS SPEAKER-NOM. "I ARRIVE HERE." xúmuštsìpaš tašmylì pumỳsỳs. find-NPr-IF tašmy-NOM fish-ACC. "Tašmy* can't find the fish." *Tašmy is a male name Accusative THE ACCUSATIVE IS USED FOR THE OBJECT OF AN ACTION: GÌGITŠÆ`PAO TIOKÀOWÙS TATŠÍS. LOVE-NPA-CF GIRL-ACC BOY-NOM. "THE GIRL WAS LOVED BY THE BOY, BUT SHE DIDN’T LOVE HIM BACK." gìlionýš miokísỳs. drink-SF water-ACC. "Someone will drink the water." Dative THE DATIVE IS USED TO INDICATE AN INDIRECT OBJECT, THE INTENDED RECIPIENT OF AN ACTION. GÌNIOTÁ Æ`TSÌNÌO WYŠỲS TAŠMYLÌ. GIVE-SPA-CS SPEAKER-DAT-PL DOG-ACC TAŠMY-NOM. "TAŠMY GAVE US A DOG." Verbal Morphology VERBS ARE CONJUGATED AT BOTH THE BEGINNING AND END OF THE WORD. ASPECT IS MARKED AT THE BEGINNING, WHILE MOOD AND TENSE ARE MARKED AT THE END. MÁOTATŠÀLÌ HAS THREE TENSES: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. THE TWO MOODS ARE SENSORY AND NONSENSORY. BOTH MOODS EXIST FOR ALL THREE TENSES, BUT ARE USED SLIGHTLY DIFFERENTLY IN EACH. Past SENSORY NONSENSORY PRESEN FUTUR T E -NYŠ -NÝŠ -PAO -PAŠ -PÁŠ -* *SENSORY PAST IS UNMARKED THE ASPECTS MARKED AT THE BEGINNING OF VERBS ARE COMBINATIONS. • • • • FIRST: COMPLETE + SUCCESS SECOND: COMPLETE + FAILURE THIRD: INCOMPLETE + SUCCESS FOURTH: INCOMPLETE + FAILURE ASPECT IS NOT ALWAYS MARKED, IT IS SOMETIMES LEFT OFF WHEN IT IS CONSIDERED IRRELEVANT TO THE SITUATION. Complete SUCCESS FAILURE * INCOMPLET E G(V)`- G(V)΄- (V)`- (V)΄- (V) INDICATES THE VOWEL IN THE FIRST SYLLABLE IN THE WORD. IF THAT VOWEL IS A DIPHTHONG, ONLY THE FIRST HALF OF THE DIPHTHONG IS USED. * IN THE LOWER CLASSES THE VOWEL IS PRECEDED BY /X/ Verb Usage Past and Present IN THE PAST AND PRESENT, SENSORY IS USED FOR EVENTS THAT ARE KNOWN TO HAVE TAKEN PLACE BECAUSE THEY WERE WITNESSED. GÌTIOSỲ Æ`S. COME-SPA-CS SPEAKER-NOM. "I ARRIVED HERE." Non-sensory is used for for events that are known to have taken place, despite not having been witnessed. GÀTAOSÀOPAO TÚS. GO-NPA-CS LISTENER-NOM. "YOU ARRIVED THERE." Future IN THE FUTURE TENSE, SENSORY IS USED FOR EVENTS THAT ARE EXPECTED OR INTENDED TO HAPPEN. IT CAN BE CALLED INTENTIVE. LIONÝŠ MIOKÍSỲS. DRINK-SF WATER-ACC. "SOMEONE WILL DRINK THE WATER." gùtšuškỳnýš tašmylì tsaonàosỳs. cut-SF-CS tašmy-NOM tree-ACC. "Tašmy plans to chop down the tree." Non-sensory is used for events that are hypothetical. Those events that could happen. gíliopáš æ`s miokísỳs. drink-FN-IS Speaker-NOM water-ACC. "I might sip the water." Aspect WHEN AN EVENT IS COMPLETE AND SUCCESSFUL THE FIRST ASPECT IS USED. GÙMUŠTSÌPAO TAŠMYLÌ PUMỲSỲS. FIND-NPA-CS TAŠMY-NOM FISH-ACC. "TAŠMY FOUND THE FISH." When and event is complete but failed the Second aspect is used. xùmuštsìpao tašmylì pumỳsỳs. find-NPa-CF tašmy-NOM fish-ACC. "Tašmy couldn't find the fish." Third is used when it is not complete but expected to succeed. GÚMUŠTSÌPAŠ TAŠMYLÌ PUMỲSỲS. FIND-NPR-CF TAŠMY-NOM FISH-ACC. "TAŠMY IS FINDING THE FISH." Fourth is used when the event is incomplete and expected to fail. xúmuštsìpaš tašmylì pumỳsỳs. find-NPr-CF tašmy-NOM fish-ACC. "Tašmy is searching for the fish." Unspecified is used when the completion and success of the event are not known or do not apply to the situation. This can be used to talk about things that happen regularly, especially when they have varying degrees of success. PUMỲPAŠ TAŠMYLÌ. FISH-NPR-U TAŠMY-NOM. "TAŠMY FISHES." To Be The verb "to be" (root form "ni") is a special case; it does not function in the same way as other verbs. "To be" has only three forms: past, present, and future. Past Present Future ni niỳs niš niỳs àolaošỳs æ`s. be-Pr goat-ACC Speaker-NOM. "I am a goat." Pronouns PRONOUNS FUNCTION AS NOUNS, TAKING THE REGULAR CASE ENDINGS FOR THE APPROPRIATE SITUATION. Æ` TÚ sá sa I, WE (1ST PERSON) you (2nd person) he, she, they (3rd person) WHICH ZU who paomý MANY ÀZÀWÁ O ALL PIMÚ FEW GIOSÙŠ SOME YMÁOS none Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives and adverbs work the same way, and most can be used as either. Adjectives do not agree with the noun or verb in any way. They can, however, be modified to alter their intensity. least less base more most g(V)΄- g(V)- - z(V)- z(V)΄Like the aspect markers, the adjective modifiers use a repetition of the first vowel in the root. When there is no initial consonant the prefix for "less" and "more" will simply be an initial z or g. When an initial consonant is present the vowel will be duplicated. gisàmìo smooth-LES "less smooth" zúkutšùlù cold-MOR "very cold" For the "least" and "most" forms the prefix alters initial vowels. When the prefix attaches it gives the initial vowel high tone.* When there is an initial consonant the prefix duplicates the first vowel, but changes the duplicate to high tone. gísàmìo smooth-LES "least smooth" zukutšùlù cold-MOR "coldest" *Please note that the first vowel in adjectives is always low or mid tone. There are also "more" and "most", "less" and "least" adjectives to modify others adjectives that are acting as nouns. These four adjectives only every appear in the base form. Numbers The number system in Máotatšàlì is base-12. The third column contains the number in base-12 while the first and second are the numbers in English and Máotatšàlì. zero uš 0 one two three four five six seven eight sí ìšỳs tǽ kazà azàš zàšỳs katǽ ìka 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 nine àgazàš 9 ten gašỳs A eleven zàtǽ B TWELV TǼGA E 10 THIRTEE TǼGA SÍ N 11 FOURTEE N 12 TǼGA ÌŠỲS TWENTY-FOUR ITŠǼGA 20 THIRTY-SIX TǼZǼG A 30 FORTY-EIGHT KATǼG A 40 SIXTY ÀTŠǼGA SEVENTY-TWO TSǼGA 50 60 EIGHTY-FOUR KATǼZ Ǽ 70 NINETY-SIX ÌKATǼ 80 ONE HUNDRED EIGHT GAZÀTŠ Ǽ 90 ONE HUNDRED TWENTY GAŠỲTS Ǽ A0 ONE HUNDRED THIRTY- ZÀTǼZ TWO Ǽ B0 ONE HUNDRED FORTYFOUR 100 TǼGAT Ǽ TWO HUNDRED EIGHTY-EIGHT ÌŠỲS TǼGATǼ 200 ONE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED EIGHTYFOUR ZÀTǼ TǼGATǼ B00 ONE THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED TWENTYTǼGA TǼGATǼ EIGHT 1000 THREE THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED FIFTYSIX TǼZǼGA TǼGATǼ 3000 TWENTY THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED THIRTY-SIX GATǼGA 10000 FOLLOWING THIS PATTERN, THE LARGEST BASE-12 NUMBER ONE COULD CREATE WOULD BE BBBBBB: ZÀTǼZǼ ZÀTǼ GATǼGA ZÀTǼZǼ ZÀTǼ TǼGATǼ ZÀTǼZǼ ZÀTǼ NINETY NINE TEN-THOUSAND NINETY NINE HUNDRED NINETY NINE "TWO MILLION NINE HUNDRED EIGHTY FIVE THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED EIGHTY THREE" Derivation Nouns VERBS IN ALL ASPECTS CAN BE TURNED INTO NOUNS. THIS IS DONE BY SIMPLY APPLYING THE REGULAR CASE ENDINGS. IF THE VERB ROOT ENDS IN S OR Š IT IS A B NOUN; THOSE ENDING IN Y AND Æ WILL BE A NOUNS, THOSE ENDING IN OTHER VOWELS WILL DECLINE AS C NOUNS. THESE WILL CARRY A MEANING BASICALLY ANALOGOUS TO THE MEANING OF THE VERB IN THE GIVEN ASPECT. A VERB CAN ALSO BE TURNED INTO AN AGENTIVE NOUN. AN AGENTIVE NOUN IS "ONE WHO DOES" A VERB. THE AGENTIVE IS FORMED BY ADDING THE NAO SUFFIX TO THE VERB, THE VERB MAY OR MAY NOT BE MARKED FOR ASPECT. taozàonao go-AGT "Traveller" Adjectives can also be used as nouns. This often used in cases of comparison. NI ÀTǼ TAWÙS TSAONÀOLÌ TÚNÌO BE-PR MORE BIG-ACC TREE-NOM LISTENER-DAT "THE TREE WAS BIGGER THAT YOU" Adjectives NOUNS CAN BE USED AS ADJECTIVES AS WELL. THIS IS USED TO INDICATE POSSESSION. GÌSIPAO TASMY PUMỲTSỲS KYLÁOZULÌ EAT-PN-CS TAŠMY FISH-ACC-PLU KYLÁOZU-NOM "APPARENTLY KYLÁOZU* ATE TAŠMY'S FISHES" *Kyláozu is a female name VERBS, WHEN USED AS ADJECTIVES, ARE USUALLY USED TO DEMONSTRATE THAT AN OBJECT IT USED FOR A SPECIFIC ACTIVITY. FOR THIS MEANING THE ROOT FORM, UNMARKED FOR ASPECT, IS USED. NIŠ ÙMÙ WYTÝSỲS BE-F SLEEP PLACE-ACC "THIS WILL BE A BEDROOM"