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Grammar (ELCA 101)
Sections 1-7
Mrs. Amira Saleh
Outline: Section (1)
Sections (1,2)
A. Nouns:
a. Singular Nouns
1. Articles (definite/indefinite)
b. Plural Nouns:
1. Regular/ Irregular.
B. Pronouns:
a. Pronouns and verb to be
C. Adjectives:
a. Four types of Adjectives (Nationality Adj., etc)
D. Negativity:
a. Affirmative vs. Negative sentence.
E. Questions:
a. Yes/No questions
b. W/h questions
F. Prepositions.
Nouns
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Singular Nouns:
We have to use articles with
singular nouns. (a/an/the)
Definite article (the)
Ex: I like the school.
Indefinite article (a/an)
 Ex: I eat a banana (Use a before a
consonant)

He wants an umbrella ( Use an
before a vowel)
The Sounds of English


Consonants:
The consonant sounds are different from the vowel
sounds.

Vowel Sounds:
(a, e, i, o, u)
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Articles: a/an
Before a consonant sound, we use (a). Ex: a boy
Before a vowel sound, we use (an). Ex: an ice.


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Note: we care about sounds, not letters.
Horse: a horse
Hour: an hour
Regular plurals

Plural
NounNouns:
ending
1)Most
*Plurality means more than
consonants
one.
A boy (singular)___ boys
(plural)
Rule
1) +s
example
Books
2) +es
Buses
2)Specific
There
are regular
consonants
(s, and
plurals
ss, irregular
sh, ch and
x
3)Drop (y) and
3)Conosnant +y
add-ies
4)Vocal+y
4) Add –s
5)F
5) Change to –ves
Babies
Boys
Knives
Irregular plural
 Irregular
plurals:
 There is no particular rule.
 So, we have to memorize them.
 Ex:


a woman _____women
a child_______ children
a fish________ fish
“Marxismpronouns
& Literature”
Subject
as
We use subject pronouns to replace the noun
I, you, he, she ,it (singular)
We, you, they (plural)
Subject pronouns+ Verb to be
I am a student (Affirmative)
I am not a student (Negative)
Adjectives
Possessive
Adjectives
Nationality Adjectives Descriptive Demonstrative
Ex: I am Saudi
Adjectives
Adjectives
ex: He is cute.
ex: This is my pen
Ex: This is a pen.
Questions
W/h questions
ex: Where’s the flag?
Here’s the flag
Note: Where’s the girl? here’s the girl
Where is the girl? here is the girl
Yes/ No questions
Ex: is it a dollar?
Yes, It is.
W/H Question
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When?
Where?
Who?
Why?
How?
What ?
Time
place
person
reason
Manner
Object/Idea/Action
Prepositions of place:
 In/on/at/above/under/behind….etc.
Section (2)
Outline
A.
(It) to talk about weather
B. (It) to tell the time and the date.
C.
Questions with what, when. Prepositions of Time
D.
Statements with (there+ to be).
E.
Questions with (There+ to be)
F.
The Conjunctions.
G.
The simple past of to be
H.
The simple past of to be : Questions
Section (2)
It, There, and the
simple past of to be
 We
 To
Use the pronoun (it)
refer to
Things.
Ex: It is a cat.
to refer to weather
Ex: It is sunny.
(It) to talk about weather:
What’s the weather like? It is sunny.
It to talk about
Time and Date
 What
time is it?
 It is eleven minutes past ten.
 What’s
the date today?
 It is July 6th. (or it is the 6th of July).
 When
is your birthday?
 It is on Monday.
Prepositions of Time
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A. (In):
1. Parts of the day (ex: in the morning)
2. Seasons (ex: in the summer)
3. Months (ex: in July).
4. Years ex: (in 1986).
B. (On)
1. Days (ex: on Sunday)
2. Dates (ex: on the 4th of July 1998)
C. (At)
we use it before a specific time (at 10:00 O'clock)
Before the word (night) (at night)
Statements with (There)
There + verb to be = something exists.
There is a book on the table. (Affirmative)
There is not a book on the table (Negative)
If the sentence is negative and plural, we have
to put (any) after verb to be.
There aren’t any books on the table.
.
Also, If the sentence is plural and we want to
form Yes/no Question out of it, we have to
use the word any.
Ex: Are there any eggs in the refrigerator?
No, there aren't any eggs in the
refrigerator.
Questions with How many?
How many restaurants (plural noun) are (to
be) there?
The conjunctions



(and, but, and or ):
The use of a comma: (2 sentences)
Ex: The food is good, and it is cheap.
We don’t use a comma:
1.
Descriptive Adjectives: (good and cheap)
2.
Two nouns: (Ahmed and Ali)
3.
Two prepositional phrases: (in the fridge and on the
table)
A phrase is “a group of words acting as a single part of
speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It
is a part of a sentence, and does not express a
complete thought.
The simple Past of
to be: Affirmative and negative


Sentence: She is a doctor. (simple present)
She was a doctor. (simple past).
Was she a doctor? (Question)

I, he, she, it
You, we, they

Negative: She was (not) a doctor.

Time expressions:
Yesterday, four hours ago, last week, etc..




was
were
W/H questions:
Where were you born? I was born in Saudi.
Revision
 Sections
 Good
1,2.
luck!