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Biology 212 Exam Review #1 1. In an isotonic solution, there is: a. less water outside than inside equal water concentrations inside and out more water outside than inside 2. In plant cells, the cell membrane can shrink while the cell wall remains in place, this is called: a. plasmolysis isotonic solution hypotonic solution 3. A solute can be pumped from a lower concentration gradient to a higher one in: a. active transport passive transport facilitated diffusion 4. Cotransport is an example of: a. active transport passive transport facilitated diffusion 5. Which answer is not a function of proteins? a. send messages through the blood engulf other cells carry molecules from place to place change the rate of a chemical reaction 6. Which type of nucleic acid is the energy currency of life? a. adenosine diphosphate deoxyribonucleic acid adenosine triphosphate ribonucleic acid 7. Which of the following is defined as having the same pH with small additions of acids or bases? a. acids polymers bases buffers 8. Which unit molecule belongs to proteins? a. cellulose nucleotides sugars amino acid 1. Which structure is described by the order of the amino acids? a. primary secondary tertiary quaternary 2. Which 3 out of the 4 macromolecules can be polymers? a. carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids lipids 3. The ________ of water gives rise to _______ bonds which allow for it to have many unique characteristics. a. non-polarity, ionic polarity, ionic polarity, hydrogen non-polarity, hydrogen 4. Which one of the following does not make up most of biological molecules? a. carbon phosphorous nitrogen helium 5. Calcium, magnesium, chloride, and potassium exist mostly as/in a. dissolved salts elemental form gases solids 6. What is a disaccharide? a. many sugar monomers bonded together 2 sugar monomers bonded together the exoskeleton of arthropods the protein responsible for making sugars 7. Starch and cellulose are types of a. polysaccharides proteins lipids 8. Triglycerides consist of: a. 2 fatty acids and 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids and 2 glycerols 3 fatty acids and 3 glycerols 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol 9. What is used to store long term energy? a. phospholipids sterols triglycerides cholesterols 10. Protein sorting to organelles: a. always uses the ER can be cotranscriptional or post transcriptional is not really important to remember determines the length of the polypeptide chain 11. an acid has a pH level a. less than 7 less than 5 greater than 7 greater than 5 12. Plasma is your blood contains a. water dissolved ions leukocytes erythrocytes all of the above a and b 13. Hydrolysis a. breaks molecules apart adds nitrogen to the molecule has no effect on molecules puts molecules back together 14. Polymers are ________ linked in a long chain. a. amino acids monomers phospholipids 15. The cytoplasm is located a. between cells only in mitochondria inside the plasma membrane, not including the nucleus 16. Smooth E and rough ER are different because a. smooth ER has ribosomes attached and rough ER does not smooth ER has no ribosomes attached and rough ER does smoother ER has mitochondria attached and rough ER does not smooth ER has no mitochondria attached and rough ER does 17. Active transport uses ________ to move molecules. a. diffusion energy osmosis 18. An oxidation reaction involves losing a/an a. proton ion electron atom 19. Bacterial cells have a. chloroplasts mitochondria no nucleus all of the above 20. Enzymes a. lower the activation energy raise the activation energy lower the delta G raise the delta G 21. Bioenergetics is: a. the study of the management of energy in an organism how fast a cell can move what an organism eats the study of the luminosity in an organism 22. During chemiosmosis, oxygen is the a. ATP acceptor water acceptor final electron acceptor carbon dioxide acceptor 23. What are vesicles a. protein packaging for transport cell vacuoles the site of protein translation the functional unit of the golgi 24. The intracellular substance that turns on/off enzymes in a cell is called: a. signal-transduction (hormones) peptidoglycan phagocytosis receptor particles 25. The theory that membrane bound organelles were incorporated into cells forming symbiotic relationships is known as: a. endosymbiosis exosymbiosis cellular interjection symbiotic fusing 26. In cellular respiration, glucose is converted to which of the following during glycolysis? a. hydrogen ATP pyruvates proteins 27. The entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the a. nucleoid intracellular matrix plasma membrane cytoplasm 28. In a prokaryotic cell: a. there is no nuclear membrane there is no genetic material there is no cytoplasm both a and c 1. The DNA that codes for proteins that regulate the activity of structural genes is contained in a(n): a. operon b. regulatory gene c. inducer d. intron 3. Introns a. are non coding sequences of DNA c. must be removed before protein synthesis 5. d. b. can be repetitive sequences all of the above If you wanted to separate DNA pieces by size you would a. c. use electrophoresis need a vector b. d. need a plasmid run a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 6. Restriction enzymes a. cut DNA at the same specific sequence every time c. are used for cloning 8. Plants are green because chlorophyll a. absorb green light c. reflect green light b. d. b. d. can have sticky ends or blunt ends all of the above absorb red, orange, and blue light b and c 9. Chloroplast components include a. double membrane, matrix, thylakoid c. double membrane, stroma, grana b. single membrane, thylaokoid, grana d. none of the above 10. Light reactions occur in the ______ and dark reactions occur in the ______. a. thylakoid membrane, stroma b. matrix, thylakoid membrane c. stroma, intermembranse space d. thylakoid membrane, grana 15. Rubisco a. is responsible for carbon fixation in most plants b. c. is the first enzyme used on the light reactions d. transfers its CO to PEPCO in C plants 2 4 all of the above 16. In the Calvin Cycle ______ are recycled and ________ are used each time a. 6 G3P, 3 CO b. 3 RuBP, 3 G3P c. 3 Rubisco, 3FADH d. 2 2 22. Photorespiration a. helps plants by capturing O b. helps plants by capturing CO c. d. hurts plants by capturing O b. d. can be used for food storage all of the above 2 hurts plants by capturing CO 2 28. Root systems serve to a. provide anchorage c. absorb water and minerals 37. Tracheids and vessel elements are both cells found in a. xylem tissue b. phloem tissue c. ground tissue d. 3 RuBP, 3 CO 2 2 2 protoplast tissue 39. Sieve-tube member cells have no_______ and therefore need companion cells a. mitochondria b. chloroplasts c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. nucleus 45. Meristematic tissue a. is at the tips of shoots and roots c. is involved in growth b. . has cells that are undifferentiated d. all of the above 55. The cells in the leaf that contain chlorophyll are a. mesophyll cells b. epidermal cells c. guard cells d. all of the above 56. Phloem tissue transports a. sugar up b. sugar down c. sugar up and down 57. Water tension in plant cells gives them a a. flaccid appearance b. turgid appearance above d. c. water and mineral up and down evolutionary advantage d. 58. ___________ flow allows water and minerals flow directly into the xylem vessels a. symplastic and apoplastic b. a symplastic c. apoplastic d. casparian 59. Transpiration is caused by a. pumping of water and minerals into roots c. mycorrhizae taking water from the plant 60. Phloem transport is driven by a. root pressure b. osmotic pressure flow c. b. water evaporating out of stomata d. guttation all of the above d. none of the above 1. Organs are characterized by a. specialized cells b. at least 2 types of cells and functions c. being the basic unit of living organisms d. cells with a common functions 2. Tissues that serves to form glands and gametes as well as covering and lining structures is a. muscular tissue b. nervous tissue c. connective tissue d. epithelial tissue 3. The structural organization of animals include a. tissues b. organs c. systems d. all of the above 4. Heterotrophs a. include all animals b. make their own food c. must ingest other organisms for food d. a and c 8. Food is used for a. fuel b. essential nutrients 10. Essential nutrients are a. nutrients the animal needs to survive c. nutrients from carbohydrates c. b. d. carbon skeletons for molecules d. all of the above nutrients the animal can’t make nutrients that provide large amounts of ATP 12. All of these are essential vitamins except a. A b. P c. K d. B 14. Extracellular digestion is a. carried out in the animals tissues c. involves phagocytosis d. b. carried out outside of the animals tissues is carried out by sponges 16. Arteries a. carry blood back to the heart b. carry blood away from the heart c. allow gas, nutrient, or waste exchange d. have valves none of the 18. Coronary circulation pumps blood to a. the heart b. the brain c. the lungs 19. Which contracts first a. the left side of the heart 23. Erythrocytes a. carry oxygen b. b. fight pathogens d. all of the above the right side of the heart c. 24. Blood clotting involves a. just platelets b. many clotting factors c. 27. At the alveoli a. carbon dioxide enters the blood stream b. c. carbon dioxide leaves the blood stream d. e. a and d f. c and b are mostly water c. d. exposure of collagen d. the ventricles d. the atria aid in clotting a and c e. b and c oxygen enters the blood stream oxygen leaves the blood stream 28. Oxygen is captured from the air by __________ a. hemolymph b. chemoreceptors c. hemoglobin d. mitochondria 29. Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system a. transport of fats from the GI tract to the blood b. drain tissue spaces of interstitial fluid c. defense d. all of the above are functions of the lymphatic system 30. Which of the following is not a lymphatic organ a. thymus b. erythrocytes c. bone marrow d. spleen Matching 41. Conduction a. direct transfer of heat 42. Convection b. transfer of heat from air or water moving past 43. Radiation c. loss of heat as water evaporates 44. Evaporation d. emission of electromagnetic waves 46. Osmoregulation serves to a. control body water and solute concentrations c. all of the above b. conserve water when eliminating wastes d. none of the above 47. Which nitrogenous waste product is most concentrated? a. uric acid b. urea c. urea acid d. urica 2. Vertebrate signaling includes a. secretion of hormones b. absorption of a hormone by capillaries c. a change occurring on a target cell d. all of the above 8. All of the following are hormones that regulate reproduction except a. hormone c. Luteinizing hormone d. Testosterone 18. The peripheral nervous system is a. sensory and motor neurons b. the brain and spinal cord Growth hormone b. Follicle Stimulating c. contains oligodendrocytes d. is composed of astrocytes 19. The autonomic nervous system affects a. skeletal muscles b. controls smooth muscles c. includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems d. a and c e. b and c 20. Schwann cells a. send and receive stimuli in the PNS b. from the myelin sheath in the PNS c. form the blood-brain barrier d. send and receive stimuli throughout the whole nervous system 21. The axon a. receives stimuli b. send impulses 22. Myelination serves to a. speed up signal transduction c. protect the neurons b. c. regulates cell processes d. all of the above stimulate the autonomic nervous system d. regulate the membrane potential 23. Interneurons a. connect sensory neurons to motor neurons b. make up most of the neurons in the human body c. are mostly in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord d. all of the above 24. At rest the neuron membrane potential is characterized by having + + a. more K outside the cell b. more Na outside the cell ++ c. more Ca inside the cell d. more protein outside the cell 25. The opening of Na+ channels causes depolarization, if the threshold is met the next step is a. more Na+ channels open b. K+ channels open c. K+ channels close d. neurotransmitters are released 26. Order the processes of synaptic transmission\ a. diffusion of neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft c. neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic cell d. b. neurotransmitter secreted by presynaptic cell depolarization or hyperpolarization occurs in postsynaptic cell 30. Learning is caused by a. a neuron refractory period c. permanent changes in the axons b. permanent changes on the postsynaptic neuron d. the creation of more action potentials 32. The cerebellum is important for a. reflexes b. sensory input c. consciousness and awakening d. motor control and coordination 33. During sensory reception exteroreceptors a. amplify signal strength b. sense external stimuli c. sense internal stimuli d. integrate sensory stimuli 34. Mechanoreceptors respond to a. physical stimulus (touch, stretch etc.) c. loss or gain of heat b. chemicals released by damaged cells d. electromagnetic stimuli 37. During signal transduction when light hits the protein rhodopsin on the rods and cones a. the cell becomes hyperpolarized b. the cell becomes depolarized c. Na+ channels close d. Na+ channels open e. a and c f. b and d