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Bell Work Contest! You will have 2.5 minutes to spell as many words as you can! Making the word plural does not count as a second word. Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent Land Between Two Rivers Fertile Crescent Is the name given to the area between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea The Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers run through the middle of this region This region is in present day Iraq Mesopotamia In Greek = land between the rivers Location Is inside of the Fertile Crescent Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers Rivers of life and death Flood waters brought topsoil from the mountains in spring The floods were unpredictable and swept away people and animals Sumer Cities Surplus allowed for the growth of cities The first cities had about 10,000 people but as time passed they grew to about 100,000 City-States The amount of farmland controlled by a city-state depended on the size of its military strength. Buildings and walled cities began to appear Large deserts kept the cities of Sumer from uniting under one rule They acted as individual countries even thought they were cities City-States City-states would continually fight over who had controlled the farmland and the rights to trade on the river 3500 BC the kingdom of Kish was the most powerful Uruk and Ur fought for dominance as well Uruk’s king Gilgamesh became a legendary figure in Sumerian Literature Rise of the Akkadian Empire Akkadians lived to the north of Sumer Spoke a different language The two civilizations lived in peace for many years UNTIL Sargon king of the Akkadians tried to expand his empire Sargon Built a new capital of Akkad Near present day Baghdad 1st ruler to have a permanent army 1st to use soldiers with arrows Defeated all the cities of Sumer and Northern Mesopotamia Sargon 1st Empire- land with different territories and peoples under a single rule. Ruled for 50 years The Empire fell after his death and the area went into Chaos Ur eventually regains power and reestablishes Sumer as the most powerful civilization in the region Sumerian Religion Polytheism Myths The belief in many gods Stories about the gods that explain people’s beliefs, warned that the god’s would punish people who angered them Priests People who performed or led religious ceremonies Sumerian Religion Ziggurats Were structures that were built by the Sumerians to act as a ladder for the god’s They are terraced with ramps that lead to the top where a temple is located Sumerian Social Order KING Priests Skilled Craftsmen, Merchants, and traders Farmers and laborers Sumerian Achievements Invention of Writing Cuneiform Pictographs or picture symbols Scribe Epic- long poem that tells the story of heros Sumerian Achievements Technical Advances Wheel- used in carts for trade and transportation Potters wheel used to make round pottery Plow- pulled by ox to break up the soil before planting Water clock Sewers Bronze for tools Makeup and jewelry Sumerian Achievements Math and Science Developed a math system which used a 60 as a base This led to the understanding of 12 months in a year, 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour Scientists studied the natural world to develop medicine The Arts of Sumer Architecture-the science of building In Sumer the buildings were made of clay bricks Some of the houses were small and built for single families While others were large and had many rooms Palaces were large and multileveled Ziggurat- was a pyramid shaped temple Sumerian Art Many statues of their gods, jewelry, and carvings from wood or ivory are common Cylinder Seals- Carvings on round stones that were rolled onto wet clay and left an imprint Showed ownership or famous scenes Music was also an important part of religion and life The Sumerian’s Downfall Constant fighting between city-states weakened them Water rights / who owned the rivers Money Babylonians eventually took over in 1759 BC Babylonia and Assyria Empire An empire is an area of many territories and people that are controlled by one government Babylonian Empire The Babylonian Empire The beautiful city of Babylon was the center Valued Conquest: victory in war Wealth Built cities where learning was valued from the vast wealth they had acquired The Babylonian Empire Trade Babylon’s location made it a center of trade Caravans, or groups of travelers, coming and going from other cities stopped in Bazaars, or markets, existed in these cities to trade goods from all over the world The Babylonian Empire Hammurabi- Became King Created Babylon by uniting the cities of Sumer and conquering parts of Asia Minor One of the most influential leaders in the region Developed laws and conquered territory The Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi’s Code Existed in Babylonia and told people how to settle problems in all areas of life. The punishment changed depending on the importance of the victim Accidents were punished as crimes as well The Legacy of Mesopotamia Legal System Code- organized list, of laws helps make sure laws are applied fairly Babylonia was the first civilization to write their laws down so everyone new what was expected The Assyrian Empire Started as a small city on the Tigris River Nineveh it had little to no protection from invaders it was out in the open Developed a strong military After defending themselves for years they became strong The best defense is a good offense The Assyrian Empire Advances Nineveh became a city of great learning Famous library that held tablets from Sumer and Babylonia This library provided much of the information that we have on early life in Mesopotamia Experts in war Battering Ram, slinger, helmets, armor, archery Armored chariots were their major advantage The Assyrian Empire Downfall They had few friends in the area Many small rebellions from with in weakened them/ People they had conquered The Medes and the Chaldeans joined together to crush them in 612 BC Babylonia Rises Again Chaldeans reestablished Babylon (New Babylonian Empire) Nebuchadnezzar II Rebuilt Babylon A beautiful city with massive decorations Palace was 350 feet tall According to legend he built the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” for his wife who was from the mountains and hated the dry climate of Mesopotamia Babylonia Rises Again Advances Science and learning were very important Developed an accurate calendar Began to raise bees for honey