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Name:_______________________________Period:_____Date:__________ Evolution Unit Test Study Guide 5 points Due ___________________ The following is a list of vocabulary for which you are responsible on this test. What can you do to work with these terms? Create your own flashcards. Make Frayer diagrams. Acquired trait Inherited trait Variation Speciation Element Fault Extant Evolution Fossil Paleontology Common ancestor Observation Natural Mutation selection Relative Specimen Age Index fossil Radioactive decay Extinction Endangered species Geologic Catastrophism time scale Inference Paleontologist Gene Adaptation Absolute Age Atom Law of Superposition Fossil record Biodiversity Modern Nebular Hypothesis DNA Big Bang Theory Scientific theory Uniformitarianism The following are concepts for which you are responsible on this test. You may write directly on this sheet, on notebook paper, or type. Be sure to attach this sheet to your final study guide. DNA DNA Genes Genes Mutations Variations Mutations if good (advantageous) Adaptation Variations if bad (detrimental) Speciation Extinction Evolution Evolution Multiple mutations over many generations can lead to speciation. Genes mutate. Individuals are selected. Populations evolve. 1. What is the most widely accepted scientific explanation of the formation of our Universe? Our Solar System? The Big Bang Theory – theory of the formation of our Universe Modern Nebular Hypothesis – theory of the formation of our Solar System 2. Explain the Law of Superposition. What does this Law help us determine? Explain catastrophism and the Law of Uniformitarianism. Can you read/interpret stratigraphic (geologic) columns? The Law of Superposition is used to help scientists determine the relative age of rock layers and the fossils found in these layers. Catastrophism – theory that the Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope Law of Uniformitarianism – the geologic principle that the same geologic processes that operate today operated in the past to change Earth’s surface Drill cores (stratigraphic columns) to help scientists determine the relative age of rocks. Drill cores are drilled from the Earth’s crust using heavy machinery. 3. What do paleontologists study? What types of things fossilize? What types of different fossils do scientists find and study? How do paleontologists use the fossil record to learn about evolution? Paleontologists study fossils to learn about ancient life. Look at fossils from different time periods & different locations to learn about past life. Name:_______________________________Period:_____Date:__________ Plant and animal remains fossilize; typically bones and teeth. Molds, casts, fossilized bone, trace fossils 4. How is the Geologic time scale divided? What marks the beginning and end of an era? How old is the Earth? The Geologic time scale is divided by changes in life. The length of Geologic eras and periods are dependent upon significant changes in life. 5. Why do we not see a lot of single-celled fossils in the fossil record? single-celled organisms are often microscopic and made of soft-tissue. 6. What does the term “Biodiversity” or “Diversity of species” mean? the wide variety of species within a particular environment. Biodiversity is essential to the stability of an ecosystem. 7. What types of events (things) can lead to the extinction of a species. Change in environment, climate change, catastrophic events 8. What is the difference between observations and inferences? An observation is something that is gathered using our 5 senses. An inference is a conclusion that one draws based upon things already known. 9. Put the following in order of when they evolved: amphibians, birds, mammals, fish, bacteria, reptiles. Which came first: whales or land-dwelling mammals? How do we know? Bacteria, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds Land-dwelling mammals – fossil record indicates the presence of land-dwelling mammals before there is evidence of whales. Also, whales have fins/flippers that are the remnants of feet/legs. 10. How does Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory differ from Charles Darwin’s theory? Lamarck’s theory = Giraffe stretched neck. Neck became longer. This acquired trait was passed to next generation (offspring). Darwin’s theory = Giraffe has a neck longer than others due to a random genetic mutation. This mutation helps the giraffe survive and reproduce. This genetic trait (inherited) is passed to next generation (offspring). 11. What is the significance of Darwin’s observations and writings about the finches and other organisms from the Galapagos Islands? Darwin noticed different species with small differences that we a good fit for the particular environment they inhabited. 12. What causes variation in a population? What is the role of mutations in evolution? A genetic error, known as a mutation is responsible for variation within a population. Mutations (random errors) in genes will lead to variation within a species. Individuals with beneficial variations, also known as adaptations, are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on the trait. These individuals are “naturally selected” and multiple mutations over many generations can lead to speciation. Speciation occurs when organisms within a species have so many variations that they are no longer able to reproduce and produce fertile offspring and therefore are a different species. 13. What is a trade-off? A trade-off is a consequence to a decision. Something given up when another decision is made. 14. What traits can be passed down from generation to generation? Which traits cannot? Inherited traits are passed from generation to generation. Acquired traits cannot be passed from generation to generation. Examples: inherited traits = hair color, eye color, # of limbs 15. What is evolution? How does speciation and extinction fit into the big picture of evolution? Evolution is the process by which life has changed throughout the Earth’s history. The gradual process by which the present diversity of life arose from the earliest and most primitive organisms. Name:_______________________________Period:_____Date:__________ 16. What can you learn from DNA as it relates to the relationship between species? Species that are more closely related than others will have similar DNA. For example, all mammals will have DNA that is more similar than you will find between a mammal and a bird. Cenozoic Era – began approximately 65 mya – Known as “Age of Mammals” Quaternary – began approx. 1.6 mya – Homo sapiens appeared Tertiary (Neogene & Paleogene) – first Hominids appeared (ancestors of humans) Mesozoic Era – began approximately 245 mya – Kwown as “Age of Reptiles” Cretaceous – ended approx. 65 mya when an asteroid struck Earth. Mass Extinction Jurassic Triassic – dinosaurs first appeared Paleozoic Era – began approximately 544 mya (million years ago) “Explosion of Life” Permian – ended approx. 245 mya Carboniferous (divided into Mississippian & Pennsylvanian) Devonian – “Age of Fishes” Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Precambrian – 4.6 bya to 5445 mya = 88% of Earth’s history DNA DNA Genes Genes Mutations Variations Mutations if good (advantageous) Adaptation Variations if bad (detrimental) Speciation Extinction Multiple mutations over many generations can lead to speciation. Evolution Evolution