Download The theory of dipoles vortex Author: Prof. Vasile Tudor, The

The theory of dipoles vortex
Author: Prof. Vasile Tudor,
The Technological High School “Duiliu Zamfirescu”, Dragalina, Călăraşi county.
Motto: “When you are at the frontiers of knowledge,you must look beyond the horizon’’.
Contents
I. Foundations of the theory of dipoles vortex.
II. Axiomatic approach to the theory of dipoles vortex
III. The space-time quantification
IV. Study on the application of radiation to TDV
V. A dynamic model of the nucleus
Argumentation
For nearly a decade I have been concerned about the mysteries of existence, cognitive
approach results being integrated progressively into a pattern with fascinating gnoseological
transdisciplinary explanatory and predictive values. Within the limits of the possibilities available to
them, we watched the expansion and deepening of the current conceptual framework in a “scientia
nova” with wide opening to philosophy and religion.
Dipoles vortex theory is based on the "dialectic of matter-antimatter" to justify the
incremental structures and fundamental interactions from our Universe, the laws of variation and
conservation of physical sizes, wave-corpuscle duality, quantification of physical quantities,
generation of antiparticles and annihilation, the invariance of speed of light in vacuum, Einstein's
equation between mass and energy, the concept of interaction between vortex dipoles, unified
approach to electromagnetic and gravitational fields, the expansion of the Universe, Black Hole and
the White Hole, dark matter and dark energy, etc.
Moreover, the physical characteristic sizes of microparticles (mass, electric charge, energy),
as well as those of the field (the intensity of the gravitational field, Poynting vector electric induction)
acquires a precise meaning through a unified and coherent approach to the existence.
A not inconsiderable argument in favor of vortex dipole theory is the possibility of deciphering the
enigma of gravitons - by identifying them with photons entering the vortexes of our Universe, which
allows unified treatment of electrical and gravitational interactions.
I. Foundations of the theory of dipoles vortex
The theory of dipoles vortex represents a unitary model of knowledge, based on the novel
hypotheses in deciphering the mysteries of existence, which do not contradict the present science, but
only deepens through a dialectical approach. The etymology of the word comes from the Latin,
vortex being the name given to a whirlwind with latch air, which occurs in striving for the water out
of a pool or from another source. It is good to note that the meaning of this term was extended in the
17th century by French scientist René Descartes genius which, designing a vortex theory to
cosmology, in his attempt to explain the mechanism of the solar system unit.
Subsequently, in the concept of duality of existence, the dipoles vortex represents a physical
model for the dialectical unity of "particle-antiparticle" by which the exchange universal type
particles photons and gravitons-between our Universe (composed of matter) and the complementary
Universe (composed of antimatter), in other words, the particles incremental means a "bridge"
between the two universes. I preferred the concept of "complementary" Universe, composed of
antiparticles, instead of the term "Antiunivers", because it is more suggestive and expresses the
dialectical connection with a better Universe in which we live. In this conceptual framework of
dialectical interpretation of existence on a general level and abstract, the two Universes are not
parallel, but coexist, as the universe cvadridimensional dual, having shared the time axis.
The concept of "dipole vortex" was not introduced arbitrarily being suggested by the theorems
of Gauss for gravitational field and electric field that highlight the convergent type sources (wells)
and divergent (springs) for universal type of gravitons particles and photons. With regard to the law
of universal gravitation and Coulomb's law, it is important to say the fact that the properties of
elementary particles are mirrored reflection of the properties of the appropriate antiparticules and can
be explained by reference to the dipoles vortex in the two universes in which universal particles
involved entering (or leaving) through a pole and leaving (or entering) through the other pole with
motion opposing meanings. On the other hand, implies that the elementary particles and
corresponding antiparticles have the same weight in the dual Universe, which is a natural conclusion
in the structuring of the existence.
In essence, a dipole vortex is a physical model associated with the dialectic unity
particle-antiparticle, having two possible States, namely:
-normal condition, in which the particle is in our universe, and the corresponding antiparticle
symmetry manifests itself in the complementary Universe;
-the State reversed, in which Poles vortex have changed compared with the normal case.
Unlike the normal condition, which is more or less stable, the reverse is unstable, with a very low
probability of realization .
During the nuclear reactions at higher energies, may appear briefly and antiparticles are
formed in the metastable, as for example, the pozitron. In fact, the process of annihilation or decay of
particles expressed generation, namely restoration of the dipoles vortex configurations from the
universal primordial particles.
The universal particles are primordial, being invulnerable into the interactions between
themselves or with the components of matter and antimatter. Photons are primordial particles and
gravitons coincide with the corresponding antiparticles, have an average time of infinite life, have no
rest mass, but only mass movement, are bosons, and moving at the speed of light in a vacuum.
Formally, even a universal particle can be associated with a dipole vortex in which the poles are the
same type, each being awarded one half of the total energy Eu = mu c2 , where mu is the joint motion
of the particle masses and universal antiparticles.
This conceptual framework allows an unified treatment of electromagnetic and gravitational
fields, but also an approach to intuitive level of some mysteries of existence-as well as the postulate
of invariance of speed of light in the theory of restricted relativity vacuum or uncertainty relations of
his theory of quantum Heisenberg. In fact, elementary vortex configurations dipoles determine the
fundamental interactions of matter and its structure on various levels of the organization.
Another argument in favor of the theory of dipoles vortex is the Noether's theorem from
mechanics, which allow symmetry operations through the deduction of some laws important to
conserve certain physical quantities, based on the properties of homogeneity and izotropy of the
Space, as well as uniformity. More specifically, the Lagrangian function from invariance towards
translations into the Space, the infinitesimal spatial rotations infinitesimal and translations over time,
the resulting infinitesimal laws of operations. It follows the laws of conservation of momentum,
angular momentum, respectively the total mechanical energy. It's suggestive of the fact that the laws
of variation or preservation of certain physical quantities acquires intuitive significance in theory
duality of existence, since the modification of parameters of a physical material system may only take
place within the framework of interactions that change the configuration of particles involved into the
universal dipoles vortex.
At present, it is assumed that the elementary particles are photons which transmit
electromagnetic field, and the gravitons, though they were not discover, they are particlesmessenger causes gravitational interactions. It is interesting to analyze the link between the two types
of particles, considering some similarities between gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
An argument in favor of a non-negligible dipoles vortex theory is the possibility of unlocking
as graviton, identifying by a theoretical way. For this demonstration, the starting point is the
Coulomb's law and the law of universal gravitation which suggest how to define electric charge and
electric induction, i.e. mass and gravitational field intensity for dipoles vortex ordering the
elementary particles model. More specifically, the electric charge and electric field induction for an
elementary particle are proportionate with the intensity of flow of photons, the photon flux density,
intensity through a closed surface in which it is associated, and the dipole vortex mass and
gravitational field strength are proportional to the intensity of the gravitons stream, gravitons stream
intensity, density through a surface closed in that lies the dipole vortex.
Considering that the gravitons, which enters a dipole vortex through convergent pole from our
Universe, coming out as photons through the other pole of complementary universe, it follows that
photons and gravitons-and antiparticles-are the same, so it can be identified with the concept of a
primordial particle unit. In a concise expression, photons are primordial particles coming out of a
vortex from our Universe and gravitons are primordial particles entering the vortex from our
Universe. In this context, the natural answer to the question "why gravitons were not discover until
now?" is that they have not been identified with the photons entering the vortices in our Universe.
The human being has access only to the material structures of our Universe, because, unlike
photons leaving the vortex, gravitons dipoles are photons entering the vortex dipoles, so may not
convey information to sense organs or appliances measurement. In a suggestive expression, the
complementary structures of the Universe are "transparent" for the human being as a crystal
glass that let pass all the monochromatic radiations at normal incidence. In this view, we can
say that our Universe and the complementary universe coexist, the entire existence is modeled
by a four-dimensional space having dual common time axis.
It is natural to assume that role and status of human being is not simply a "pass through life"
and death of the body does not mean the death of the spirit might the spiritual matrix of the human
being to exist in the complementary universe. Otherwise, everything seems meaningless...
Along with science and philosophy, the Faith provides a truly integrated reporting to the existence,
which gives meaning and value of life of the manifestation.
The fact that the electrical load Qv of a vortex from our Universe is positive or negative is
correlated with the two directions of rotation of photons around their own axis perpendicular to the
direction of travel. It also requires a vortex Mv mass of our Universe to be correlated with the two
directions of rotation of gravitons around their own axis perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Specifically, we have to distinguish between the load vortex positive Qv (fp) - generated by photons
fp - and load vortex negative Qv (fn), which is generated by photons fn, respectively, between the
mass vortex positive Mv (gp) - generated by the gravitons gp - and negative vortex mass Mv (gn),
which is generated by the gravitons gn. By analyzing the signs of intensities of flows of the universal
particles involved into vortex dipoles, is found that gravitons gp are photons fn entering the vortex
and gravitons gn are photons fp entering the vortex.
The electrical loads vortex, vortex masses that are scaling additive physical quantities:
Qv = Qv (fp) + Qv (fn)
Mv = Mv(gp) + Mv(gn)
From how to define the electrical load vortex and mass vortex can deduct their relations with the
electric charge Q and mass M associated particle, namely: Qv = Q or | Mv | = M (in the current
design, mass is considered a positive physical quantity).
The electric charge and mass vortex can be integrated into a unitary state parameter:
Pv = kQv + ik’Mv
where i is the imaginary unit, i2 = -1, and k and k 'constants are related to permittivity of absolute
power vacuum ε0 = 8,854·10-12 F/m and universal gravitation constant
γ = 6, 673·10-11N· m2/ kg2 through relations:
k = (1/ 4πε0)1/2, k’ = γ1/2
Various types of electrical and gravitational interactions between two dipoles vortex - at a
distance r from each other - can be briefly analyzed in terms appearing in the expression:
Pv1 Pv2/r2 = [k2 Qv1Qv2 - k’2 Mv1 Mv2 + i kk’ ( Qv1M v2 + Q v2 M v1) ] / r 2
In this relation is noted that, besides real terms appear and imaginary terms, the interpretation of
which involves an extension of Coulomb and Newton's laws.
It is significant that the dipoles vortex theory provides new willingness to explain unified and
coherent, electrical and gravitational interactions not only within the ordinary matter, but also those
who exercised in the matter under the particular conditions, such as Black hole, White hole, dark
matter, dark energy, pulsars, quasars etc. In a expressing suggestive, the previous relation is "vortex
code" for the study of interactions and structure matter at the microcosmic level, by analogy with
"genetic code" deciphering the mechanisms of life in the chromosomes of cells of living organisms.
On the other hand, the dipoles vortex theory does not contradict the current standard model to
describe the elementary particles, but it deepens. The six quarks (up, down, charm, strange, top and
bottom) correspond the dipoles vortex core, whose combinations - resulted through fundamental
interactions - form dipoles vortex complexes to shape the various types of elementary particles
known at present or who will also be discovered by researchers.
To assess the specific task ‫׀‬qu / mu‫ ׀‬the universal particle, where ‫ ׀‬mu‫ = ׀‬hν/c2, are
considered two divergent ideal vortexes, at a distance r from each other in a projecting unit time of
each, same number N of photons, and two converging ideal vortexes, at the distance r from each
other, into which the unit time, every the same number N of gravitons. In such a case, the electrical
forces of interaction between VD module coincides with the gravitational forces of interaction
between VC. Since this condition is inferred specific particle load module universal expression:
‫ ׀‬qu / mu ‫( = ׀‬4π γ ε0)1/2
the value obtained is a true universal constant.
If the real vortex - associated to the elementary particle – participates into various
combinations of photons and gravitons, the electrical and gravitational forces generated, have,
generally, a different values.
The fact that two vortices divergent - associated to the particles electric - can interact with
each other through electrical forces of rejection, but also through attractive electrostatic force is
justified intuitively in this way: the divergent vortexes of same type are "opaque", so reject the
photons emitted by each to other, and the different type of divergent vortices are "transparent", so
photons emitted by one to each other; in the second case, the photons emitted by a vortex become
gravitons to other vortex.
The following equations of classical electromagnetic field theory:
They may be given in the form of the vortex dipoles theory:
plus the equation of continuity,
where fq represents the average of the intensity of flux density of electric charge for the photons
involved in the vortex dipoles, and  is the average of the interaction between the photons and the
vortex dipoles.
Similarly, the partial differential equations from classical mechanics for the gravitational field
may be given in the form of the vortex dipoles theory
plus the equation of continuity,
where fm is the average density of mass flow gravitons intensity involved in the vortex dipoles and 
’ is the average interaction of gravitons and the vortex dipoles.
The vortex dipoles theory allows an interesting approach to the electromagnetic waves that
can be described by the Poynting vector,
Y = E× H= n h ν‘v
where n is the concentration of the photon, h = 6, 626. 10-34 Js is the Planck constant, ν‘ is the
quantum frequency energy ε = h ν‘, and v = 1/(   ) 1 / 2 is module propagation velocity of
electromagnetic waves in homogeneous and isotropic environment characterized by absolute
electrical permittivity  and absolute magnetic permeability  .
For example, the Poynting vector for planar electromagnetic wave - which travels at speed v
on the direction of axis Ox - described by a vector relation, as:
Y =Y0 sin2 2  (t/T – x/  ) = n0 h ν’ v sin2 2  (t/T – x/  )
and λ = vT where T is the period or wavelength components of the electromagnetic field:
E =E 0 sin 2  (t/T – x/  )
B = B 0 sin 2  (t/T – x/  )
Note that the photon wave of the universal particles configuration plane is expressed through
a dual function periodically varying in time with period T0 = T / 2, and in space, with period λ0 = λ /
2, the concentration of photons with the expression:
n = n0sin2 2  (t / T – x /  ) = n0 [1 – cos 4  (t / T – x /  )] / 2
On the other hand, in contrast to the wave mechanics, the particles oscillate under the action
of elastic forces, around an position of equilibrium - the oscillations propagating from virtually
almost no mass transport - in the electromagnetic wave photons involved is moving at a constant
speed equal to the speed of light in vacuum.
The fact that the speed of the photons may differ from its speed be explained by the
electromagnetic wave interactions of the photons vortex the dipoles. Just in a vacuum the speed of
electromagnetic waves coincides with the speed of the photons. The concept of vacuum is not an area
without matter, but an entity of photons unstructured, homogeneous and isotropic.
Space, time and matter in motion and transformation are intrinsically linked, the link is
provided by the indestructible primordial particles. The theory of general relativity, space, time and
gravity are interrelated within the geometry of four-dimensional universe, called the Riemann space,
with the metric
4
2
ds =
4

i 1 j 1
g ij · d x i · d x j
where: x1 = x, x2 = y, x3 = z, x4 = ict, and gij It is the metric tensor components, which are dependent
on the concentrations of mass.
The Einstein's dream - to unify the theory of the electromagnetic field with the theory of the
gravitational field - is created in the theory of vortex dipoles. In the conceptual and operational
framework of this new theory, the geometric modeling of our Universe is described by means of nonEuclidean four-dimensional space in which the components gij of the metric tensor are dependent
locally on the concentrations nfp, nfn, ngp, ngn of universal primordial particles.
As I said, our Universe and the complementary universe are not "parallel", but coexist with
common time axis. With the challenge fascinating for those interested in the riddles of knowledge to
reflect on the possibility of the universal primary particles through "quantum space-time" for matter,
energy and information, hypothesis that would justify the existing events as "unity in diversity"on the
dialectic border of causality and chance, freedom and necessity, actual and potential.
Modern astronomy retains outstanding two hypotheses about the emergence and evolution of
the Universe, i.e the "Big Bang" hypothesis (Big Explosion), the"expansion-contraction" hypothesis.
The first assumption belongs to an American astronomer, Edwin Hubble, who studied redshift of
radiation received by the Earth from distant galaxies of the Universe. Based on the Doppler effect,
Hubble concluded that the light sources are removed from one to another, the speed of expansion of
the Universe is expressed analytically by the famous relation:
v = Hr
where, H is Hubble's constant, and r is the distance to a galaxy moving terrestrial observer.
The advocates of this theory assume that the emergence of matter, space and time originate from a
singularity primordial hot and dense particularly, from which our Universe emerged into Big Bang,
about 13.7 billion years ago.
Stephen W. Hawking is in the forefront of physicists seeking a unifying theory to explain the
entire Universe. Jointly with Roger Penrose, explained the significance of black holes and showed
that, according to general relativity, space and time must have had a beginning into Big Bang. Note
that in 2011 the Nobel Prize was awarded to the researchers Brian Schmidt, Adam Riess and Saul
Perlmutter for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe, which led to the
introduction in science of the term "dark energy". In the theory of duality of the existence, the
expansion of our Universe is explained by the positive balance of primary particles passing through
the vortex dipoles, complementary universe is in contract. Black holes represent the manifested
megavortexes on complex scale through interactions between dipoles cosmic vortex components.
To give an answer to a possible scenario in explaining the becoming of the Universe it starts
from the relative variation per unit time of expansion, defined by the relation:
Briefly, it may be transcribe the previous relation in this way:
e = (1/V) dV/dt =d (ln V) /dt
In compiling of the mathematical model for the dual universe the wave-type relations are essential:
e1 = A sin [2π( t / T - r / λ) + φ1]
e2 = A sin [2π( t / T + r / λ) + φ2]
corresponding to the space-time expansion of our Universe (e1 0), or a complementary universe
(e2 <0). For the resulting wave after simple calculations is achieved the expression:
e = e1 + e2 = 2 A cos [2π r / λ + ( φ2 - φ1) /2 ] sin [2π t / T + (φ1 + φ2) / 2]
the reference frame is centered on Big Bang, a concept that signifies the start of becoming of our
Universe.
Standing waves are characterized by successive nodes and,,ventre‘‘into the points where the
amplitude has maximum values and shall be canceled. The distance between two
consecutive,,Ventre‘‘ is equal to the distance between two consecutive nodes, the common value
being equal to a Half-wave. Note that the oscillations are in phase between two successive nodes and
their phase changes by π rad when passing through a node.
So it has come to a stationary type wave form shaping cosmic of becoming of the existence at a
global scale, with amplitude:
A’ = 2 A cos [2π r / λ + ( φ2 - φ1) /2 ]
varying into space with period λ, the time factor, sin [2π t / T + (φ1 + φ2) / 2 having period T.
By analyzing the resultant wave, we can deduce the values for the initial φ1 = π / 2, φ2 = - π / 2.
In respect of the period T, it can be approximated by twice median duration of life of the
Universe in which we live, extremely high value. It can be said that the observable universe is
relatively young, being in a phase of acceleration of its expansion.
The maximum amount you can reach through expansion of our Universe can be calculated as:
where they were used substitutions φ1 = π / 2 , φ2 = - π / 2, λ = cT, r = ct.
It follows that V = V0 eAT/2, value which depends on the amplitude A and period T.
Of course, the mathematical model shown above to explain the becoming of the Universe is
just suggestive, the progressive wave and being one of spherical type wave is regressive wave, in
reality must be correlated with current and future views about the shape of the Universe. It is good to
note that the theory of the vortex dipoles, the cosmic transformation of waves are generated, initially,
by Big Bang and then modeled by the difference in concentration,
 n = n2 - n1 , beetwen the universal particles from our Universe and from the complementary
universe. Although our universe is, currently, in a stage of accelerated expansion, it is possible that
after so much time to pass through a stage of contraction, by reversing the vortex dipoles and through
the transformation of matter into antimatter.
Within this framework, it appears that all that exists "in actu" and "in potentia" manifests itself
in a Multiversity dual, our universe with the complementary universe being just one dual component
of an existence limitless in space-time, which is in a constant movement and transformation. In other
words, our universe with the complementary universe is just one manifestation of the infinite
possibilities of dialectical dual parallel universes existent.
At the border dual components of the Multiverse processes may occur a cosmic processes of
annihilation of matter and antimatter, with their conversion into an electromagnetic radiation. These
active areas are distant sources that emit intense radiation fluxes in different spectral ranges of the
electromagnetic waves. We know that the cosmological horizon limit affordable human being have
been highlighted very intense sources of electromagnetic radiation - called quasars (quasi-stellar radio
source). The term is a misnomer because a quasar should not be identified with a body quasi-stellar,
but is an active area with a radius of 10 to 10 000 times higher than the Schwarzschild radius of the
Black Hole supermassive from galaxy, fueled by the growth disck.
II. The Axiomatic approach of the theory of vortex dipoles
The Theory of vortex dipoles can be constructed on axiomatic way, with the postulates
underlying assumptions and concepts as primary notions of "vortex dipoles", "universal primary
particles" and "complementary Universe". These terms have not been placed arbitrarily, being
suggested by Gauss's theorem for gravitational field and electric field, which
underline the type of convergent sources (wells) and divergent (springs) for the universal type of
particles gravitons and photons.
The abstract meaning of the primary concepts resulting from the following underlying
assumptions:
1) dipole vortex is a physical model for the dialectical unity "particle-antiparticle", which share
universal primordial particles from our universe (consisting of matter) and complementary universe
(antimatter).
2) dipole vortex has two possible states, namely:
- normal state, the particle is in our universe, and the corresponding antiparticle manifests into the
complementary universe;
- reversed state, the poles Vortex are a different location from a normal location. Unlike the normal
state, which is more or less stable, the reverse is unstable, our universe having a very low probability
of realization in normal conditions.
3) the universal primary particles can be identified by elementary particles of the standard model that
coincide with antiparticles, have no rest mass, but mass of movement, have an average of infinity life
(indestructible) and are moving with the speed of light in vacuum. The photons and gravitons are
universal primordial particles exiting or entering the vortex dipoles.
The Universal primary particles do not interact with each other, but only with vortex dipoles, which
is confirmed by the principle of geometric optical, expressing the mutual independence of the beams
of light. We can say that particles universal primary are quanta, not only for energy, mass, electric
charge or information, but also "quantum space-time", i.e the becoming of existence, space and time
are inextricably linked and matter in movement.
4) In addition, dipoles vortex simple - type convergent, divergent or mixed - there are combinations
of these more or less stable, resulting in fundamental interactions (electromagnetic, gravitational,
strong and weak) in the structure of matter on different levels organization.
5) force fields (e.g, the electromagnetic or gravitational) and waves associated with these fields are
universal primordial particle configurations.
6) our universe and the universe complementary "are not parallel," but in the dialectical sense coexist,
sharing the time axis, four-dimensional whole existence is a dual universe.
Obviously, the primary concepts have no equivalent to the current scientific knowledge. The
name of "dipole vortex", was based on considerations of the intuitive analogy, given that the first
word refers to " the dialectical bridge of link" between the our universe and the complementary
universe, and the second word expresses the intrinsic connection of the structure of matter with the
movement and transformation (a vortex can exist at rest). The fact that the properties of the
elementary particles are reflections into a "mirror" of the properties of the antiparticles, can be
explained by reference to the dipole vortex in two universes, the universal particles involved entering
(or exiting) by a pole and leaving (or entering) by the other pole with opposite directions of motion.
Of course, no concept of "universal primary particle" should not be confused with elementary
particle, can be interpreted as a formal vortex dipole in which the particle and antiparticle coincide,
i.e, can not occur simultaneously in both universes. It is natural to assume that the dipoles vortex
associated to the primordial universal particles are ‗‘quantum vortexes closed "moving into the
vacuum with the speed of light.
Within this framework, the physical sizes known gets a fascinating load of meanings. For
example, the electric charge and the induction of the electric field for an elementary particle are
proportional to the intensity of the stream of photons, respectively to the density of intensity of the
stream of photons through a closed surface in which is the dipole vortex associated, and the mass and
the intensity of the gravitational field are proportional to the intensity of flux of Gravitons, with the
density of the intensity of flow of gravitons in a closed area in which the associated dipole vortex is.
Moreover, one can say that the universal primary particles are quanta, not only for energy, food and
information, but also "quantum space-time" scenario that would justify the existing events as "unity
in diversity",on the dialectic border of causality and chance, freedom and necessity, actuality and
potentiality. In doing this cognitive, expansion of our Universe acquires intuitive explanation - by a
positive global balance of the universal primary particles passing through the vortex dipoles,
complementary universe is in contract.
Naturally, the question arises: what is the complementary universe? Unraveling the enigma
involves determining the type of correspondence between the structure of matter in our universe and
antimatter from the structures of the complementary universe. To this end, using a system other than
the Cartesian reference to the space-time location of the dipole vortex, which is linked to the
interactions between them.
In a single configuration geometry, the vortex dipoles are characterized by the intensities of
flows of the universal particles involved and the relative distances between them. In the cognitive
approach it is more convenient as the Cartesian reference system - consisting of three concurrent axes
- to be replaced by three distinct reference points. Knowing the distances ri1, ri2 , ri3 of a vortex
dipole (i) to the three reference points allow the spatial location not only of his position, but of the
symmetric image to a plane defined by the reference points. On the other hand, the potential energy
of interaction between two dipoles Uij vortex (i) and (j) depends on the distance rij between them, so
it can be an effective parameter and the spatial location of the dipoles vortex calculating the
electromagnetic and gravitational interactions.
Given that in any dipole vortex, the universal particles entering through a pole coming out the
other pole with speeds equal manner, shows that the potential energy U (r) of interaction between two
identical particles from our universe is equal as module, but with a changed sign, to the potential
energy U’(r’) of interaction between the antiparticles of complementary universe. From the analytical
point of view, this finding may be transcribe through the relation r’ = - r, where r’ and r are
parameters for expressing the relative distances between vortex dipoles in the two universes.
The previous relation can be deduced and on the hypothesis that the universal
assumption that the universal particles are primar, because are the space-time quanta. At the level of
a vortex dipole, the universal particles involved into the expansion of our Universe with the
volume V= 4πr3/3 contributed to the contraction of the complementary universe with
volume V’ = 4π r’ 3/3. Interestingly, the overall yield balance equation
r’ 3 + r3 = 0
with the solution: r’ = - r, r’ = r( 1 + i√3 )/2 , r’ = r( 1 - i√3 )/2 .
It retains only the real solution, r’ = - r, that satisfies also the condition for the potential energy,
though the complex solutions might reveal other mysteries of the existence.
It can be said that, to reflect the objective reality of the human being the complementary
universe - the distances between the vortex dipoles are expressed in negative numbers - is a virtual
world that coexists with our universe. It is interesting that this universe is in a permanent contract, is
not only a constant source of primordial particles, but can be considered one of informational type,
because it is linked to schemes core of becoming of the existence, and, in the philosophical sense,
refers to the dialectic of matter-spirit and It offers a disturbing openness to religion.
With regard to the current scientific concepts, the configurational geometry is different from
the " theory of grafs" and " theory of strings " because some of the terms used and the mode of
operation of these have different meanings. In fact, this cognitive model of approaching the existence
arises naturally from the basic postulates of the theory of dipoles vortex, which is the platform of
integration, deepening and evaluation of a diversity of concepts in science, philosophy and
religion - that we correlate transdisciplinary by bringing to a common denominator without totally
contradict them.
III. The space -time quantification
The theory of vortex dipoles provides a new model for the interpretation of the objective
reality, given photons and gravitons that quantum space-time is ensuring the expansion or contraction
of the universe in which we live.To justify this statement, I propose an imaginery experiment in which
our Universe contains only two vortexes converging adequate to a particles of masses m1 and m2.
In the reference frame of the center of mass (SCM) the analysis of the relative motion of the
two particles can be calculated from the vectorial differential equation:
mr d2r/dt2 = F
where mr = m1m2/( m1 + m2) is the reduced mass, r = r1 - r2 is the position vector of the particle
m1 to particle m2 , and F = - γ m1 m2 r / r3 is the gravitational force.
In general, the trajectories of the two particles are in the shape of ellipse and are described
through the vectors of position r1 = m2 r / (m1 + m2) and r2 = - m1 r / (m1 + m2). In particular, if the
initial velocities of the particles have the same direction R, when they are close to each other
acceleration d2r/dt2 = - k/r2 , where k is a constant.
As the intensities of the flows of gravitons through the vortex dipoles are constant, it is
inferred that the influence of each of the particles on the other is manifested by a change in speed per
unit of time by an inversely proportional value to r2, in other words, the relative acceleration is
inversely proportional to r2. Although the contraction of space can produce localy, at global scale
occurs an expansion of our Universe, due to the larger share of dipoles diverge from converging
dipoles. Of course, at the macroscopic level - accessible to human beings - an observer located in
SCM can not reveal experimentally whether near accelerated two particles held in an absolute space
under the forces of gravity, or, conversely, the space is relatively It is related to universal primary
particle configurations.
Similarly, without going into details, we can analyze - thought an imagiary experiment - the
Coulomb's law for two electrical particles shaped by divergent vortexes, noting that the photons
involved have the effect of expansion of the space from our Universe. In reality, the dynamic
geometry of the universe in which we live is extremely complex, taking into consideration the infinite
structure of matter on different levels of organization.
Further, we pursue the cognitive approach, the correlation of the theory of vortex dipoles with
the theory of relativity and the theory of quantum mechanics.The space-time Quanta be reported to
the passage of universal particles through the vortex dipoles, specifically, have the significance of
expanding or diminishing the space with discrete time intervals of space to the average time of
transition of the universal particles by the vortex dipoles.
If τ is denoted with an average time of transition of one universal particle by vortex dipole,
then, applying the theory of relativity, one can deduce the average value of linear size for space-time
quanta λ = c τ. In fact, the same value is obtained also in the quantum theory, by applying the
Heisenberg's uncertainty relations, a result which confirms the correctness of the theory of vortex
dipoles and the possibilities for coordination with the current science.
For argumentation it starts from the mathematical relations  x ·  px =  /2,
 W ·  t =  /2,  x ·  p=  /2,  W ·  t =  /2, where are made the replacements p = mc,
W = mc2, x = λ, t = τ, and after simple calculations, λ = c τ is obtained.
The space-time quantification offers to the cognitive process new opportunities to deepen the
significance of the universal particles as universal primary entities which, although not interact, but
only with vortex dipoles, their configurations shapes the entire existence. The fact that the
electromagnetic and gravitational interactions between dipoles vortex are transmitted in vacuum with
a constant speed - regardless of the reference frame and direction of propagation - must be
interpreted as single speed of change of configurations of matter by the exchange of photons and
gravitons between our universe and the complementary universe. In this way, it can be justified, even
intuitively, the principle of invariance of the speed of light in vacuum.
It is fascinating that the theory of vortex dipoles allows reasoning schemes that emphasize the
profound connection between the configuration of universal primary particles with space, time and
matter in motion and transformation.So, It can achieve a "scientia nova" wide opening to philosophy
and religion.
IV. The application of TDV to the study of radiation
In physical optics, it is considered that the light is electromagnetic waves having the
wavelengths in the visible, infrared and ultraviolet fields, contained in the approximate
ranges (4·10-7 – 7,6· 10-7) m, (7,6·10-7 – 10-3) m, respectively (6 · 10-10 – 4·10-7) m. The higher
frequencies correspond to X-ray (or Röntgen) and γ- ray (or nuclear) and the smaller frequencies
correspond to the microwaves and radiowaves.
In the theory of dipoles vortex, light is modulated by the configuration of photons
configuration, being described by Poynting vector
Y = E× H= n h ν’ v
where n is the concentration of photons, h = 6, 626 . 10-34 Js is the Planck constant, ν ' is the
frequency of quantum of energy ε = h ν ' and v = 1/(   ) 1 / 2 is the mode of the average speed of
wave propagation in a homogeneous medium and isotropic. For a planar photonic wave, which
propagates in vacuum with constant speed c = 1/(  0  ) on the direction and on the axis Ox, is
0
obtained a vectorial relationship of the form
Y =Y0 sin2 2  (t/T – x/  ) = n0 h ν’ c sin2 2  (t/T – x/  )
where T = 1/ ν (is the period of the wave modulation photonic founts, and λ = cT represent
wavelength, parameters that correspond to those associated with components field strength in classic
theory. Frequency ν = 1/T on the modulation of radiation may coincide or not with the same
frequency ν’ of photons, depending on how to generate the waves photonic founts.
Photons are primordial universal particles moving at the speed of light in a vacuum, which do
not interact between them, but only with atomic dipoles vortex. The statement may be justified by the
logic of reduction to absurd: "On the assumption that photons interact between them, then their speed
would no longer be constant".
Unlike the current design, the vacuum is a structured configuration of photons, more
precisely, without vortex dipoles. That speed of light in a transparent medium structured is less than
or equal at most at the speed of light in a vacuum, is explained by delays caused by interactions with
atomic dipoles photons vortex. In essence, a stream of photons, where they could mobilise on a set of
dipoles vortex has the effect that some people's passage into the world and restore the balance
complementary configurational by issuing other photons - in observance of the law for the
conservation physical sizes.
On a macroscopic level, speed of light is obtained by temporal averaging and may be
different from the scattered photons speed does not vary. The times of interaction between photons
and vortex-atomic dipoles can be interpreted as the relaxation times to restore the balance
configurations to interference, and is dependent on the frequency of radiation and the nature vortex
dipoles. This explains the phenomenon of dispersion, i.e. dependent refractive index absolutely,
n = c/v, the wavelength of radiation. In the event normal dispersal, refractive index absolutely
increases with the decrease in wave length, but in the field of frequency resonance for acquiring
environments manifest themselves anomale scattering phenomenon in which the refractive index
absolutely diminishes with the wavelength.
In this conceptual framework, it can be justified and even on the intuitive level of the principle
Huygens: any point on a wave surface may be considered at a certain point in time the center of a
secondary elementary wave, in such a way that their cover coincides with the surface of the wave at a
later time. In cognitive procedure, it is sufficient to partner vortex atomic dipoles with the centers in
sending the elementary waves photonic founts secondary to justify this principle of floating optical allowing phenomena demonstrating reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, etc.
Light polarization may be explained by the orientation of the spin moment angular of photons
in a plane perpendicular to the direction of travel. In the case of light reflection, when the
spin angular momentum of photons is mainly perpendicular to the plane of incidence, and in the
phenomenon of refraction, thorn is mainly parallel to the plane of incidence.
The phenomenon of absorption of light, while some of photons of radiation incidents
gradually pass to the complementary world without the presence of emergent photons, can be
analyzed quantitatively by identifying the absorption coefficient k with probability of absorption of a
photon by vortex atomic dipoles on the length of the direction of propagation. For varying its
infinitesimal arc of the radiation intensity incidents on an absorbent layer of the substance with a
thickness dx cannot be written differential relationship
dI/ I = - k dx
By integrating is reached law obtained experimentally in 1729 by Bouguer:
I = I0 e – kx
Interaction of radiation with vortex atomic dipoles associated electrons of the substance can
occur, and other processes such as for example, a photoelectric device external effect and Compton
effect. In the case of an effect a photoelectric device, the external power quanta of photon absorbed
by lone electron is used partly for the extraction of its substance, and the rest can be found that the
kinetic energy of the photoelectron, energy balance being expressed quantitatively by Einstein's
theory:
hν = L + mv2/2
where L is energy extraction, and the m and v are mass and speed of the photoelectron.
The effect Compton is a true example for the interpretation of interaction of X-ray radiation
scattered photons atomic dipoles with vortex. By enforcing the laws for the conservation of energy
and momentum relationship is obtained for the purpose of calculating the wavelength variation of
scattered emergent photons Δλ under the angle θ, where they could mobilise the electrons incident on
the peripheral blanket of heavy atoms
Δλ =2 Λ sin2 θ/2
where Λ = h/m0c represent wavelength Compton.
Previous relation has been obtained in the design that the effect level Compton represents a process of
structural elastic collision photon – lone electron, that is to say, photon incident is converted by
interaction with a lone electron in a photon emergent with another wavelength.
In TDV, Compton effect is interpreted in this way: " photon incident with energy hν0 passes
through vortex dipole associated to the electron, to the complementary world causing
configurationally interference, restore the balance having taken place after a certain period of time to
relax from the emission of the vortex dipole of a additional photon with energy hν, so that the entire
process to obey rules for the conservation of energy and momentum".
This interpretation confirms "the status" of photons as a primordial universal particle that are
unbreakable and immovable, quanta of energy having discrete values. As a matter of fact, the radius
of light may not be in substance a single photon trajectory, but a succession of segments straight bounded by vortex dipoles associated microparticles - which photons different moves with constant
speed.
Radiation - that modulated wave of photons - is emitted or absorbed in the various processes
of the transformation of matter - from nuclear reactions and phase, the electronic transitions between
energy levels of the atoms, the cosmic processes related on quasars, pulsars, Supernovas, black holes,
etc. It is reasonable to assume that the radiation carries the information for the events. Photons are
primordial unmoved entities that can be considered quanta of information in designing and become of
matter.
I launch the challenge for fundamental scientific research, to analyze the hypothesis that
standard model for structuring of matter at the microcosmic level may be justified by, quantification
of the frequency of energy quanta, thus the movement of the mass of the photons, as well
as of the spin angular momentum. For illustration, it is suggestive to reflect on Bohr ‘s theory
hν’mn = ‫ ׀‬Em - En ‫ ׀‬for the transition of electrons between energy levels of atoms, which makes
reference to the discrete values of Quanta of Energy.
In fact, the photons cause quantum transitions that determine the configurationally structure of matter.
The fact that atomic spectra consist of spectral lines having a certain width, can be
interpreted by "trains wave" composed of photons with different orientations of the spin in
the plane perpendicular to the direction of motion, which are generated by reconfiguring the
electronic configurations of atoms, frequency ν of modulation radiation continuously varying into
intervals centered on discrete frequencies ν ' of photons.
What can I say: "The human being has access to the events in our Universe consists of matter,
but the becoming existence schemes are on the borders of interaction with the complementary
Universe." Each creature with consciousness has its own cognitive universe, the interactive behavior
and correlated with other individuals is described in general and abstract by the complex
correspondences of morphisms type, studied in mathematics.
Is the complementary Universe the "Underworld", in which the Spirit influences our
becoming in light ?! If so, then God is in us and have sought through faith in the Light.
Certainly, the existence is manifested in four-dimensional dual space having in common the time
axis, and our Universe is the subspace where is conducted the human destiny. Photons are primordial
particles that provide an intrinsic link between the two universes.
V. The dynamic model of the nucleus
Currently, in order to explain the structure and properties of the atomic nucleus are mainly
used three nuclear models, the suggestively named "liquid drop", one of the nuclear layers,
respectively the generalized model.
The model drop is based on the saturated nature of the nuclear forces, allowing the
analogy between the core and a drop of incompressible liquid. Nucleons are attracted to the surface
inside the nucleus, resulting - the occurrence of superficial tension forces, that make the drop to take
shape a sphere whose volume is proportional to the number of nucleons.
Although this model is useful to interpret the process of nuclear fission and expulsion of nucleons in
the nucleus cannot explain outstanding stability of nucleus formed by groups of two protons and two
neutrons, especially if the numbers 2, 8, 20, 28, 50 and 126 called magic numbers.
To overcome this impasse in the cognitive approach was designed the nuclear strata model,
where is considered that each nucleon moves independently in the mean field created by of the rest of
nucleons. Protons, neutrons respectively, are willing - as the electrons in the atom - on the nuclear
energy levels, where not only can find two identical nucleons with the spin moments, oriented
antiparallel .The nuclear layers type allows to describe the behavior of light nucleus and explains the
existence of the magic numbers, the nuclear isomers and the radioactive nuclear transitions.
The generalized model of the nucleus is a combination of previous models, where is
considered that the core is composed of a core type drop having complete nuclear blankets,
surrounded by exterior nucleons coupled among themselves but also with the core. The movement of
exterior nucleons causes the deformation of the core, which causes also fluctuations in potential
resulting in the emergence of an electric quadrupole moment.
The nuclear models described above, whilst enabling the interpretation processes intranuclear and
experimental data, do not give a credible answer to the following question: Why is there no core
with A ≥ 2 consisting only of protons, given that interact through the strong nuclear attraction forces
more intense than the electrical forces of rejection?
The picture shows the distribution of neutrons and protons in the
nucleus, N= f (Z) in the actual case, N ≥ Z, compared with the case
imaginary N = Z.
If at the beginning of the periodic table are set those elements for
which N is equal with Z, with the increase of order number, to ensure
the stability is necessary an excess increasingly more of neutrons. It
requires a critical analysis of the mechanism of exchange forces
which manifest on the nucleus level.
At present, it is considered that the nuclear forces are the saturation
forces of the order of 10-15m range, which not
dependent on electric charge of nucleons, but only on their
spin orientation, being achieved through the exchange of virtual pions
between nucleons after following schemes:
p ↔ n + π+, n ↔ p + π-, p ↔ p + π0, n ↔ n + π0
The pions have been predicted since 1935 by the Japanese physicist Yukawa and were discovered
(1937) in the cosmic radiation by Anderson, with masses of rest about 270 times greater than that of
the electron.
In the standard model, the interactions between fermions is performed remotely through
bosons, i.e: photon, for the electromagnetic interactions, intermediate vectors bosons, for the weak
interactions, the gluons, for the strong interactions, the graviton, for gravitation.
I suggest you to reflect on the macrocosmic suggestive analogy, which is now used to
illustrate intuitively fundamental the mechanism of the fundamental interactions by exchange
particles, in order to prepare the motivation for launching innovative hypotheses.
* to the rejection forces: two children (fermions), sitting face to face on one boat on a lake, he
threw one ball to each other (boson). After a catch, each of them has one ball in hand again and
repeat(repeta) the successive experiment, the interaction effect is accelerated removal
(rejection)of boats each other.
*to the attraction forces: two children (fermions), sitting back to back on one boat on a lake, he
flung one another (in fact, in the opposite direction) one boomerang (boson). After each
boomerang returns and caught another child, each of them has in hand again and repeat the
success boomerang one experiment, the interaction effect is proximity accelerated (attraction)of
boats each other.
To model the nuclear interactions, take into account that atomic nucleus with A ≥ 2 can not
exist unless the combination of protons and neutrons, and that the neutron is unstable, decaying by
the scheme, n → p + e- + 𝜈̃ , where 𝜈̃ is the symbol for electronic antineutrinos.
In terms of energy, the previous transformation of neutron is exoenergetic and it is natural to assume
that the field of forces of interaction within a nucleus is reversible. The mean life in free neutrons is
about 103 s, but this value can be much shorter in conditions related to the atomic nucleus. Another
reason is the fact that the proton, although in the free state as an elementary particle is stable, β+
decay of the nucleus is converted to a neutron, a positron and an electron neutrino.
In this cognitive framework are sufficient data to hypothesize that the electron emitted in the
transmutation of the neutron into proton is the "key" to the interpretation of the nuclear forces.
Further, is made an novate analysis of the mechanism of nuclear forces - Deuteronomy - (deuterium
atom's nucleus, consisting of one proton and one neutron.) There are three successive steps which
must be taken into consideration, namely:
(n + p)→ (p + e- + p)→ (p + n)
From the point of view of interactions power, unlike the states 1 and 3, which are passive,
state 2 represents a transitional stage processing, because there is an electron between two protons
that interact with the electrical force of attraction, with the result that their accelerated approach until
you've regained the configuration of proton and neutron of the nucleus of deuterium.
In this way, it can give a simple interpretation for the attractive forces between the
components of a nucleus and saturation character of their range for the resultant electrical forces
of the order 10-15 m. Furthermore, if one takes into account the transmutation β+, possibly reversible,
in which protons are transformed into neutrons and positrons,but also the electron capture processes,
then we can explain that, the atomic nucleus with A ≥ 2 can not exist only in certain stable
combinations of protons and neutrons. It should be noted that the probability of manifestation of the
afore mentioned processes are different, the dynamic equilibrium condition being satisfied only for
certain values of atomic and mass numbers, which correspond to existing chemical elements, more or
less stable.
In principle, the electrons in the atom can distinguish two fundamental types of interaction, by
way of their location - outside or inside of the vortex dipole complex to shape the core. For example,
reference is made to a comparative analysis of the hydrogen atom and neutron, microparticles
electrically neutral associated with the complex vortex dipoles, where the electron is located outside
of atom or in combination with proton. In the first case, the dipole vortex is a compound type, the
electron having a real existence, and in the second case, the dipole vortex is a integrated type dipole,
the electron having only a virtual existence.
Unlike the electronic shell of the atom, which has little influence on core, electronic
configuration of the atom is determined mainly by the electric charge of the nucleus, expressed by the
Q = + Ze. Since the chemical properties of atoms are linked to electronic shell configuration of
atoms, we can say that diversity of the structures of atom has a profound cause at the atomic and
nuclear interactions with electrons. Unfortunately, the mathematical models do not provide exact
solutions than hydrogen atom and hidrogenoid ions, otherwise, apply various mathematical
approximation procedures - more or less accurate - that can be processed by computer.
The analysis of the fundamental interactions of subatomic elementary components of matter,
referred to quantify the physical quantities at the level of the material structures from microcosm. In
an initial quantum approach, more or less rigorous, can take into account the average value of the
potential energy modeling interactions between particles approximate of core components of physical
quantities characteristic for study and comparison of them with experimental data. Obviously, the
microparticles associated to the vortex dipole analysis must take into account the standard model, the
nucleons are considered three quarks systems, p (uud) and n (udd).
Next, we determine u and d quarks number for a nucleus ZA X with mass number A, consisting
of Z protons and N = A- Z neutrons. For this purpose, it is based on the relationship
Zp + (A-Z) n = Z( 2u + d) + (A-Z) (u+2d) = (A+Z) u + (2A-Z) d
It is indicating that the core is configured by Y = A + Z vortex dipole u and W = 2A -Z vortex dipoles
d. By simple calculation, is obtained equations: A = Y-Z, N = Y – 2Z. These results offer a new
interpretation of the configuration of matter from the microcosm.
Unlike the mass number A, atomic number Z is strictly increasing and successive values
underpins the achievement of the table of chemical elements where the isotopes (nuclides) are passed
in the same box. It is fascinating that for the average life isotopes significantly, number Y has an
increasing successive values, and Y can be used - with Z - in order to achieve a generalized model
configuration nuclides. Within this framework, using notations X (Z) (Y), we present the following
examples:
n(0(1), H(1)(2, 3, 4), He(2)(5, 6), Li(3)(9, 10), Be(4)(11, 12, 13, 14), B(5)(15, 16), C(6)(17, 18, 19,
20), N(7)(20, 21, 22), O(8)(23, 24, 25, 26), F(9)(27, 28, 29), Ne(10)(30, 31, 32), Na(11)(33, 34,
35), Mg(12)(35, 36, 37, 38, 39), Al(13)(39,40, 41), Si(14)(42, 43, 44, 45), P(15)(45, 46, 47),
S(16)(48, 49, 50, 51), Cl(17)(52, 53, 54), Ar(18)(54, 55, 57, 58), K(19)( 58, 61).
So electrons from the atom are grouped into blankets (identified by the values of the principal
quantum number), which in turn are made up of ,,small strata‘‘ (orbital quantum number identified by
values). To establish the electronic configuration of an atom shall apply two rules, namely:
* Pauli principle - in an atom can exist only at most one electron characterized by the same set of four
quantum numbers (n, l, m, ms).
*The principle of stability- most stable atomic states are states of minimum energy. Electronic
configurations of atoms determines their behavior, its chemical periodicity is correlated with the
frequency of the number of electrons in the peripheral ,,small strata‘‘.
It appears that Y number presents a significant jump in potassium nuclides, which can be
correlated with the change order completion of quantum states with electrons, to the passage structure
of matter the argon potassium, potassium electronic configuration is
K(1s22s22p63s23p64s1) = ( Ar)4s1 şi nu (1s22s22p63s23p6 3d1) = (Ar)3d1.
The standard model is based on 6 leptons and 18 quarks . By generalization, Y = A + Z
number can be associated with every particle type hadron - nucleon, hyperon and mesons. In nuclear
reactions, based on the laws of conservation of electric charge Q = Ze and the number of nucleons, A
= Z + N can introduce a general law of conservation of the number of quarks u, particularly useful for
analyzing the transformation of matter at the microcosmic level.
An important parameter for assessing the stability of nucleus is the binding energy per
nucleon, which increases the mass number of light nucleus reaches a value about 8,5 MeV to the
intermediate mass of nucleus, then decreases to heavy nucleus up to about 7, 5 MeV.
I suggest to experts the addiction analyze of the binding energy per nucleon by number Y.
The numbers Z and Y refer to the structuring of matter at an atomic and nuclear level, more
specifically, to obtain most nuclides, including natural, starting with H (1) (2) and grown sequentially
numbers Z and Y, determining the number of neutrons N and the configuration of electronic coating.
Must noted that the atom is electrically neutral, the number of protons which is equal to the number
of electrons, both electrical particles having the average life infinitely in a free condition, unlike
neutron lifetime is the average time of about 887 s.
It is natural to assume that, in the becoming of matter after Big Bang,at the beginning were
photons which generated dipoles vortex-type quarks, and protons, after which the matter was
structured successively at the microcosmic level, from elementary particles to atoms and molecules
that increasingly complex. Some researchers believe that elements with masses between those of
helium and iron were formed in nuclear processes in stars and the elements heavier than iron were
generated by the explosion of supernovae. It is assumed that the background radiation from the
Universe comes from the Great Explosion held approximately 13,73 billion years ago.
In a dialectical approach, the evolution of the stars and galaxies is related to genesis and
structuring processes associated to the vortex dipoles microparticles.The stars inside is a
thermonuclear reactor in which the "fire star" creates our Universe, not only energy, but also a great
variety of nuclides. The stars' smaller and cooler "as the Sun, occurs proton-proton cycle, in which
each helium nucleus formation of four protons, liberates a 24 MeV energy.
Proton-proton cycle takes place in three stages:
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
2( H + H)  2( H + e+ + ν)
2( H + H)  2( He + γ)
1
3
2
1
2
3
4
1
2
2
1
He + He  He + 2 H
In the big and hot stars prevails the carbon-nitrogen cycle, in which initially forms a nitrogen nucleus
by fusion of a proton to a carbon nucleus, and in the final stage (the sixth) recovering the carbon and
form a helium nucleus by four protons react during the cycle.
Ultimately, the code structure of matter at the microcosmic level is intrinsically linked to the
numbers Z and Y, with consequences for the existence becoming schemes at higher levels of
organization of matter. It is enough to remind the formation of stars from interstellar dust and gas by
the gravitational concentration, their destiny marked by nuclear fusion processes by inside - through
the dynamics of the radiation pressure and gravity. Even the life on Earth is under the sign of the
stars, the Sun is the primary energy source from which derives the majority of the terrestrial energy
sources. It is fascinating that the atomic nuclei from the living organisms come from the Sun or from
another star in the sky.
Besides the cosmic processes that marked the geochemical becoming of the Earth, we can
mention also the natural radioactive decays, and the possibilities of the human being to produce the
transformation of the nuclides by nuclear reactions through the accelerators of particles or of the
nuclear reactors. The natural radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation  (helium
nuclei),  (electrons or positrons),  (electromagnetic radiation of wavelength less than 10-12 m).
The radioactive transformations are random processes, held by the schemes:
A
A 4
4
Z X  Z  2Y + 2  (disintegration  )
A
Z
X 
A
Z
X 
Y + 10  ( disintegration  -- )
A
Z 1
A
Z 1
Y+
0
1
 ( disintegration  + )
X *  ZA X +  (disintegration  , X* - nucleus in excited state).
The decrease while the number of unstable nuclei is expressed analytically by the radioactive decay
law into the differential form dN= -  N dt, or integral N=N0 e -  t , where  is a radioactive
constant.
An inexhaustible source of energy, basically clean, is the fusion reaction, which is the union
of light nuclei to form the more stable intermediate mass nuclei. Interested in terms of energy are
isotopes of hydrogen,
A
Z
2
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
0
2
3
1
1
1
1
H + H  He+ n + 3,27 MeV
H + H  H+ H + 4,03 MeV
1
The resulting helium and tritium may interact in turn with deuterium, resulting the reactions:
3
2
4
1
H + H  He + n + 17,6MeV
1
1
3
2
0
2
4
1
1
2
1
He + H  He + H + 18,3MeV
2
The fast neutrons produced could be used to regenerate tritium a result of interactions with lithium:
6
3
1
4
3
0
2
1
Li + n  He + H + 4,6MeV
But because the processes of nuclear fusion to be produced and controlled taking into the
pilot- plants on Earth, it is necessary that, in addition to high temperature, the nuclear fuel in the state
of plasma fulfill the following conditions: be very pure to be restricted (confined) in magnetic traps to
not spread and density (n) to be correlated with lifetime (  ) of hot plasma, as Lawson's
criterion, n   (n  )min.
To achieve plasma used various methods, such as: the electrical discharges in gases, excitation
and thermal ionization, excitation and ionization with electromagnetic radiations (particularly, with
laser beams power), bombing targets with beams of accelerated particles, the injection of charged
particles in magnetic traps, ionization by shock waves etc. There is hope that in the near future the
controlled fusion reaction to find a natural using, the a final solution to the world energy crisis, given
the depletion of oil, natural gas and coal.
Prof. Vasile Tudor
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