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The Dawn of Civilization • Prehistory to AD 300 •1. The Beginnings of Civilization – Prehistory to 1000 BC •2. The Ancient Near East – 4000 BC – 550 BC •3. The Nile Civilizations – 5000 BC – AD 300 •4. Ancient India and China 2500 BC – 250 BC 5000BC-AD300 Ancient Nile Civilizations •5000 BC to Ad 300 •1. The Kingdom of Egypt •2. Egyptian Culture •3. The Nubian Kingdoms •It is known as the site of one of the world’s earliest civilizations •The land of the pyramids and pharaohs 5000BC-AD300 1. A View of Egypt by Satellite •Most important physical feature in Egypt •The longest river in the world going through the largest desert in the world 5000BC-AD300 The Annual Flooding of the Nile- •The Nile River floods every year •Spring rains feed the river’s sources south of Egypt •The flood lands cover the surrounding land with a rich black silt 5000BC-AD300 The Fertile Nile Valley •Egyptian’s name for the country - the Black land •Delta-area at the mouth of the river made up of silk deposits 5000BC-AD300 Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf •Shadufs - A Machine that early Egyptians used to Move Water 5000BC-AD300 2. Ancient Egyptian History Periods Nile Culture Begins Archaic Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Late Period Greek Ptolemaic Era Roman Period Time Frame 3900 B. C. E. 3100 – 2650 B. C. 2650 – 2134 B. C. 2040 – 1640 B. C. 1550 – 1070 B. C. E. E. E. E. 750 – 332 B. C. E. 332 – 30 B. C. E. 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E. 5000BC-AD300 Menes: •The two kingdoms of Egypt were unified under a ruler named Menes •founded the city of Memphis, capital of Egypt •adopted the symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt - the cobra and the vulture •wore a red and white crown to symbolize unification c. 3050 B. C. 5000BC-AD300 The Old Kingdom •Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara •rise of the Third Dynasty 2650 BC marked the beginning of the Old Kingdom, lasting about 500 years •The most famous symbols of Old Kingdom are the pyramids •pyramids were built as tombs for Egypt’s rulers •“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu 5000BC-AD300 Giza Pyramid Complex •The largest and most famous of the Old Kingdom pyramids are located in the town Giza •Inside or below each pyramid was a hollow chamber in which a dead king was buried 5000BC-AD300 Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Tutankhamon 1336-1327 B. C. E. King Tut during the New Kingdom Thutmose III 1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. He created the largest empire Egypt had seen Regarded as Egypt’s greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh •Pharaohs - “great house” absolute power- human god 5000BC-AD300 Egyptian Social Hierarchy •Pharaohs at the top •Viziers - government officials responsible for advising the pharaoh, carrying out orders, and trying court cases •below viziers - hundreds of lesser officials •below them nobles Bureaucracy-a highly structured organization 5000BC-AD300 Egyptian Priestly Class •Because the pharaoh was thought to be a god, religion and government were closely intertwined in the Old Kingdom •Egypt was a theocracy, a state ruled by religious figures Egyptian Nobility •Power local nobles began to assert their own authority as rivals to the pharaoh •As a result, Egypt’s internal order and stability gradually disappeared 5000BC-AD300 The Middle Kingdom •Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom eventually lost power due to economic problems, invasions, and civil wars with their noble class. •Famine and widespread added to the chaos •New dynasty came to power, the Middle Kingdom 2055 •Middle Kingdom pharaohs encouraged sailing and trading with foreign lands •Despite improvements made, the Middle Kingdom fell to raiders from Syria 5000BC-AD300 5000BC-AD300 The New Kingdom •The Hykos, Raiders from Syria, invaded the Nile Delta and conquered Lower Egypt •Ruled Egypt for 100 years; eventually Egypt drove them out •New Kingdom pharaohs decided to build militaries to protect Egypt from foreign invasion Hatshepsut 5000BC-AD300 •Hatshepsut-best known for encouraging trade - her trading expeditions are carved on her walls of her temple •One of the few women to control Egypt •She wanted to be treated like a pharaoh, so she dressed like a man •Part human part lion 5000BC-AD300 Ankhenaton: First Monotheist? •Egyptians had been worshipping many gods for centuries •Amenhotep IV- believed in one god- Aten-the god of the sun 1352-1336 B. C. E. •He banned the worship of any god but Aten; built new capital Akhetan •Did not last long - King Tut restored polytheism and moved kingdom back to Thebes King Tutankhamon 5000BC-AD300 •King Tut served as a pharaoh in the New Kingdom 1336-1327 B. C. E. •Restored belief in the traditional gods of Egyptians 5000BC-AD300 Howard Carter •Howard Carter 1922 •Archaeologist who discovered King Tut’s Tomb •they discovered the jars that held the pharaoh’s organs 5000BC-AD300 King “Tut’s” Tomb •King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask •Entrance to King Tut’s Tomb 5000BC-AD300 King Tutankhamun’s Tomb •The Tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamon, “King Tut” was one of the richest archaeological discoveries ever made •It provided historians many clues to Egyptian civilization 5000BC-AD300 Treasures From Tut’s Tomb •The tomb contained a wealth of treasures, including a magnificent golden coffin that held Tut’s mummy •The tomb also had hundreds of items for the pharaoh to enjoy the afterlife 5000BC-AD300 The Ankh •Egyptian Hieroglyphic character that reads Eternal Life •The over head represents the Nile Delta, with the vertical representing the path of the river and the east and west represents the unification of lower and upper Egypt The “Cross” of Life •Represents the passage from life to death 5000BC-AD300 Abu Simbel: Monument to Ramses II 1279-1213 B. C. E. •Pharoah Ramses II went to war against the Hittite Empire •both claimed victory •both armies agreed to a truce •“Nubian Monuments”-built to commemorate Battle of Kadesh 5000BC-AD300 Queen Nefertiti •As a sign of peace, he married the Princess of the Hittites •Wife of Pharoah Ramesses II in the 13th Century BC •Ramses the Great ruled for 60 years. He built more temples and monuments than other other pharaoh 5000BC-AD300 Egyptian Creation Myth The Goddess Nut-Personifies Moisture 5000BC-AD300 King Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Wife and Sister son •Osiris-king and judge of the dead •He introduced civilization to Egypt • Isis -Goddess of Nature and Women •Soon after, he was killed by his brother, Seth, who cut the god’s body into pieces that he scattered around Egypt •child of Osiris who •She sought out the pieces, sought revenge on his reassembled them, and brought uncle Seth him back to life •Horus -God of the sky The Final Judgement Anubis Horus 5000BC-AD300 Osiris °Anubis was a judge of the dead and the protector of ceremonies and of mummy makers. °Osiris became the new judge and replaced Anubis 5000BC-AD300 Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul spirit •Head of a Jackal •ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather. °Egyptians believed that when the physical being died, a force called the ka escaped °Believed that the ka might vanish if the body was not preserved mummification •He weighed the souls of the dead to decide their fate •Those who had light souls were good in life and were rewarded; those who had heavy souls were evil and were fed to a terrible monster 5000BC-AD300 Preparation for the Afterlife •The process Egyptians developed for the breakdown of a dead body •Early on, only pharaohs and members of royal family could be mummified •Later, the process was made available to anyone who could afford it 5000BC-AD300 Materials Used in Mummification 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Linen 6. Natron Sawdust 7. Onion Lichen 8. Nile Mud Beeswax 9. Linen Pads Resin 10. Frankinsense °First step - remove organs (except the heart) °the body was packed with materials to keep shape °Then it was wrapped and artists painted the dead person’s features on the outside of the mummy itself or on a mask 5000BC-AD300 Journey to the Underworld •A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb •The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.” 5000BC-AD300 Egyptian Book of the Dead • A collection of hymns, spells, and instructions •Allows the deceased to pass into the afterlife Shabtis 5000BC-AD300 •Shabtis -The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife •Dead Egyptians were buried with all the possessions they need in the afterlife •Besides treasures, dead pharaohs needed people to serve them •Royal tombs were filled with statues of servants that the Egyptians thought would come to life to serve the pharaoh’s ka. 5000BC-AD300 Egyptian Mummies •Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. •Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. •Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E. 5000BC-AD300 The Valley of the Kings • valley in Egypt where Egyptian kings were buried in tombs 5000BC-AD300 The Valley of the Queens •1473-1458 B. C. •Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 5000BC-AD300 Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life °Egyptian family life varied widely from class to class °Father at head of household °men did most of the manual labor 5000BC-AD300 Ancient Egyptian Housing •Middle Class Homes •These included the artisans, craftspeople, and the merchants •made and sold the goods sold to other lands •lived in brick homes with rooms •Peasant Homes •largest part of Egyptian society (90%) •spent most of the time in the field •could be recruited to work on pyramids •lived in tiny huts 5000BC-AD300 An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Perfume °Women worked outside the home °had more rights than women in other societies °Women primary role take care of children °Men and women wore perfume and makeup Whigs Mirror Egyptian Scribe 5000BC-AD300 °The best way to gain social status was to become a scribe °Scribes ability to read and write made them highly sought after °Composed and copied religious texts, collected taxes, and kept public records 5000BC-AD300 Hieroglyphic “Cartouche” •Egyptians were prolific writers •They recorded the events of their society in great detail •System that uses picture symbols to represent objects, sounds, ideas •one of the world’s first writing systems 5000BC-AD300 Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols 5000BC-AD300 Papyrus Paper •Hieratic Scroll Piece •Papyrus Plant-grew along the Nile and provided an excellent writing service •Because of Egypt’s dry climate, papyrus did not compose and is still readable 5000BC-AD300 Egyptian Math & Craftsmanship 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 What number is this? °Interested in Math and Science °Used subjects to improve their lives °understood basic principles of arithmetic and geometry 5000BC-AD300 Champollion & the Rosetta Stone •Champollion deciphered the Stone, which gave us modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing •long passages of ancient writings •same text written in three different scripts: hieroglyphics, demotic, and ancient Greek •unlocked the secrets needed to translate Egyptian hieroglyphics 5000BC-AD300 Who Are These Strange People? •The reign of Ramses marked the end of Egypt’s greatness •Challenges came in the form of foreign powers •first of the major invasions was the Sea Peoples •No one is sure who the Sea People were, but their invasions did bring an end to the Hittite Empire and Egypt 5000BC-AD300 Routes of the “Sea Peoples” •The end of the New Kingdom!