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Key Concept 2.1- Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions 1. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions Hebrew faith formed into Judaism 700 bce, Hebrew kingdoms conquered- Neo-Bab kicks them out, tear down temple Return during Persian empires- many stay where they were beginning the Jewish diaspora Scattered more by Romans- refused to worship emperor 400s, codified Jewish scripture (Tanakh w/Torah), and commentaries (Talmud) “Eye for an eye” in Ten Commandments (influenced by CoHamm) Patriarchal, discouraged marrying outside Jewish comm; slavery Vedism to Hinduism Vedism ruled in India since 1500s 700s, power of brahmins questioned Upanishads showed possibility of escaping reincarnation w/out brahmis Buddhism emerges from these denials Mostly absorbed into Hinduism Recognizes 1000s of gods- three newer deities most followed: Brahma masculine, Vishnu preserver, Shiva destroyer Karma and reincarnation from Vedism Caste system from Vedism Law of Manu (200-200 justifies caste system Highly patriarchal- women with no righgts to property Sati ritual 2. New belief systems and cultural traditions emerged and spread Buddhism Based on teahings of Siddhartha Gautama (563-483)sought answers to suffering Enlightenment awaited, preached his ideas Followers compiled sutras and distributed them Ashoke spreads Buddhism- got to China Four Noble Truths Started as a philosophy to correct Vedism Reincarnation and karma Anyone can achieve nirvana (rejects caste); follow 4 truths and 8fold path Two schools after Buddha- Theravada/Hinayana is simplicity and meditation, closer to original teachings Popular in S/SE Asia Mahayana has more ritual and symbology due to syncretism; blends w/local beliefs; nirvana as heaven, bodhisattvas Popular in Japa/Korea/China Confucianism Founded by Confucius (551-479 bce) Lived through war/chaos, pondered relationship between society and individual Teachings compiled after death are Analects More concerned about ethical conduct than the gods Harmony from benevolent rulers and good behavior from subjects Order and hierarchy matter- well-being of group before individual; if ruler is good, people oblige him Fit well w/mandate of heaven Stressed filial piety, society as a family; worked with ancestor veneration Patriarchal- multiple wives, concubines, divorce for no heir Women as homemakers and mothers People inherently good- respect central to philosophy (contrast with Legalism- people as immoral and only punishment keeps them in line) Coexisted w/Daoism, Buddhism 600s ce Neo-Confucianism shos up Daoism Founded by Laozi around 500s Central text Tao-te China (Daedejing) Universe is governed by the dao; uses parables to understand the world Seek harmony from universe, care little for politics or materials Flexible philosophy- reconciled w/veneration and the celestial bureaucracy Influenced cultural practices Fortune telling (I-Ching) Philosophical aspect to Chinese poetry esp during Tang dynasty Interwoven with fend shui Yin-yang Spread through China- syncretic with Buddhism and Confucianism Christianity Grew out of Judaism Founded by Jesus of Nazareth (4 bce-29 ce) Sougt to change Jewish laws- more concerned with compassion than customs Claimed to be Hebrew messiah Spoke of kingdom of Heaven Popular among commoners and poor Angered Jewish conervatives and concerned Romans When Jesus went to Jerusalem to preach Jews had him arrested and crucified Said he returned form the dead; after, disciples began to preach a new religion; believed in Second Coming Rome banned Christianity but gained large following Paul as chief disciple along with Peter; helped make it appealing- no dietary restrictions or circumcisionmade it easier to convert Caught on among disenfranchise- noncitizens, slaves, women, commoners Open to all with hope of good afterlife Early church had women in power roles- grew more hierarcahial and patriarchal; justified by Adam and Eve 313 ce, Roman persecution ended when Constantine legalized it Official faith by end of centurs 300s-400s, hierarchy of priests and bishops solidified Body of dogma created- compiled the Bible Post-Roman collapse, Christian church drifted apartRoman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy split in 1054 Scientific thinking- Greece Ppl began to understand math, astronomy, anatomy, engineering- empirical learning Greeks move to scientific thinking (600-200); influenced by Egypt Pythagoras, Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy, Archimeded outlined concepts of geometry, astronomy, medicine, natural history Some belief in gods Philosophy created- Socrates, Plato, Aristotle question nature of things and reality, how to govern Romans have Stoicism- courage and virtuous behavior Compared to Vedic debates and Chinese Confucian era Other scientific thinking Decimal system, pi, zero, Gupta create Arabic numerals Cultural changes Literature Mahabharata (200-200) longest poem; Bhagavad Gita of Arjuna and Krishna (moral duty) China- Analects, Tao-te Ching, I-Ching, Art of War Greece- Illiad and Odyssey, theatrical Greek drama (Aeschylus’s Oresteia trilogy), Sophocles Oedipus trilogy, Euripides commented onf role of gods nd free will v. larger society; Aeneid as foundation myth for Rome Language- Sanskrit, Mandarin Chinese, Greek, Latin Tech- woodblock printing and paper (200s ce) Architecture 3. 4. Distinct due to religious/political purposes Library of ALexandira, Hanging Gardens of Bablyon Greco-Roman- columns and facades, Roman arches and domes (Parthenon, Pantheon, Colosseum, Church of St. Stophia) Maya and Aztecs used pyramids for sacrifice India- cave temples for Buddhis/Hindu deities, Pillars of Ashoka East Asia Buddhism- pagoda style, grid layouts at Chang’an Greco-Buddhist architecture from Alexander’s conquest in 300 bce; syncretism Belief systems reinforced existing social structures and offered new roles for some Patriarchal systems in India, China Christianity bring power to poor, women; women start w/leader role, diminished Other religious and cultural traditions persisted Spirit-based animism and shamanism remained popular Shamans heal sick, prayed to spirits for success (Shinto in Japan) Ancestor veneration (Africa, China) Andes, Incans mummified ancestors for oracle advice for waeter Burial of the dead important to Greeks and Hebrew, household shrins in Rome Syncretic practices, paganism among Christianity