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Ancient Religions Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Development of Hinduism • Originated in India following the invasion of the Aryans • Cannot be traced to one single founder • Polytheism - belief in many gods Beliefs of Hinduism • Moksha - state of perfect understanding, achieved by liberation from desires and suffering • Reincarnation - rebirth of the soul until perfect understanding is achieved • Karma - good or bad deeds that follow from one life to another • Jainism - religion based upon nonviolence, developed from Hinduism Development of Buddhism • Influenced by Hinduism, originated in India • Founded by Siddhartha Guatama – Life is about suffering – Sought religious answers through fasting and meditation – Became known as Buddha (“the enlightened one”) • Eventually spread and established itself as the main religion of China and Japan Beliefs of Buddhism • Nirvana - state of enlightenment reached by releasing oneself from selfishness and pain • The Four Noble Truths - main ideas – – – – Life is suffering and sorrow Cause of suffering is desire for pleasures Way to end suffering is to end all desires Overcome desires by following a staircase • The Eightfold Path - staircase towards enlightenment achieved over many lifetimes Hinduism vs. Buddhism • • • • Originated in India No sole founder Polytheistic Moksha - state of perfect understanding • Reincarnation • Follows caste system • Major religion of India today • • • • Originated in India Founded by Buddha Polytheistic Nirvana - state of enlightenment • Reincarnation • Rejects caste system • Major religion of China and Japan today Development of Judaism • Palestine - cultural crossroads of the ancient world, connecting Asia and Africa • Canaan - area of land in Palestine which God had promised the Hebrew people • Abraham - “father” of the Hebrew people • Torah - first five books of the Hebrew Bible • Yahweh - god of the Hebrew people • Monotheism - belief in a single god Hebrew Migrations • ~2000 B.C. Abraham moved his people from Ur to Canaan (reason?) • ~1650 B.C. descendants of Abraham move to Egypt (reason?) • The Exodus - ~1300 - 1200 B.C. the Hebrews flee Egypt – Moses - led the Hebrew people out of slavery – The Ten Commandments - teachings delivered by Moses as a basis for Hebrew law The Exodus The Kingdom of Israel • ~1020 - 922 B.C. the Hebrews united under three kings – Saul - drove Philistines from Palestine – David - established Jerusalem as the capital – Solomon - most powerful and lavish king • ~922 B.C. the kingdom divided into two – Israel in the north – Judah in the south • Eventually fell to Assyrians and Persians