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NAME ______________________________________________________________ ASTRONOMY TEST # 1 ___ 1. Momentum depends upon a body's A.velocity B.mass C.momentum depends upon both the velocity and mass of an object ___ 2. The Summer Solstice occurs in A.May B.June C.July D.August E.the Summer Solstice can occur during either June or July, depending upon the relative position of the Sun ___ 3. The charge of the atomic nucleus is A.positive B.negative C.some are negative, some are positive ___ 4. The most useful isotopic dating technique for Earth rocks, lunar samples and meteorites has been A.Carbon 14 B.Uranium-Thorium C.Rubidium-Strontium D.Potassium-Argon E.Uranium-Uranium ___ 5. The ? translated and preserved the works of the ancient astronomers and named many stars. A.Maya B.Arabs C.Chinese D.Olmecs E.Mesopotamians ___ 6. ? resist compression. A.solids B.liquids C.both solids and liquids resist compression ___ 7. Gravitational forces depend upon the A.mass of the objects B.distance between the objects C.both mass and distance influence gravitational attraction ___ 8. The meridian situated on the celestial sphere ? passes through the zenith. A.never B.sometimes C.always ___ 9. Newton's Second Law of Motion is also termed the Law of A.Action and Reaction B.Inertia C.Force ___ 10. In most astronomical situations ? ions are most important. A.positive B.negative C.there is a balance between positive and negative ions in the Cosmos ___ 11. The most common element in the Cosmos is A.oxygen B.nitrogen C.helium D.hydrogen E.carbon ___ 12. The Earth ? on its axis. A.rotates B.revolves C.the Earth both rotates and revolves on its axis ___ 13. Plasma is a hot, ionized A.solid B.liquid C.gas D.plasma may be in solid, liquid or gaseous form ___ 14. ? was the first astronomer to discover Earth precession. A.Ptolemy B.Copernicus C.Brahe D.Hipparchus E.Eratosthenes ___ 15. Bending of light waves when they pass from one material into another is termed A.reflection B.refraction C.both reflection and refraction involve the bending of waves ___ 16. ? clocks keep track of the local hour angle of the Venal Equinox. A.sidereal B.synodic C.both sideral and synodic clocks keep track of the local hour angle of the Venal Equinox ___ 17. A ziggurat is a A.celestial bearing formulated by the Mesopotamians B.eclipse sighting C.moon cycle D.planet alignment E.pyramid ___ 18. The Tropic of Capricorn is in the ? Hemisphere. A.Northern B.Southern C.it depends upon the time of year ___ 19. ? invented terrestrial latitude and longitude and was the first to orient maps with north at the top and east to the right. A.Ptolemy B.Copernicus C.Brahe D.Hipparchus E.Eratosthenes ___ 20. ? is a physical quantity that gives the speed of a body and the direction in which it is moving. A.mass B.momentum C.velocity D.acceleration E.weight ___ 21. Sun declination varies about ? degrees north and south of the celestial equator. A.8.5 B.12.5 C.18.5 D.23.5 E.sun declination does not vary; it is always directly above the celestial equator ___ 22. ? is when a planet is opposite the Sun in the sky. A.opposition B.conjunction C.in both opposition and conjunction the planet is opposite the Sun in the sky ___ 23. The Prime Meridian is at zero degrees A.latitude B.longitude C.the Prime Meridian refers to both latitude and longitude ___ 24. The Epicyclic Model of ? was used to predict the positions of celestial objects for about 1500 years. A.Ptolemy B.Copernicus C.Brahe D.Hipparchus E.Eratosthenes ___ 25. The beginning of the lunar month is considered to be during ? phase. A.first quarter B.third quarter C.full moon D.new moon ___ 26. ? stars have angular sizes greater than a second of arc. A.no B.some C.most ___ 27. ? atoms and molecules of gases move faster with increasing temperature. A.lighter B.heavier C.there is no difference in molecular movement between lighter versus heavier gas atoms and molecules ___ 28. Mercury and Venus are ? planets. A.inferior B.superior C.it depends upon the time of year ___ 29. ? involves heat transport due to direct collisions of atoms, molecules, or ions. A.conduction B.convection C.radiative transfer D.all of the above involve direct collisions ___ 30. As speed of an object increases, kinetic energy A.increases B.decreases C.kinetic energy remains the same, as energy can neither be created nor destroyed ___ 31. The Ideal Gas Law relates gas characteristics to A.volume B.temperature C.pressure D.all of the above ___ 32. During equinoxes the length of the day and night are equal ? on Earth. A.some places B.most places C.all places ___ 33. ? published the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 34. In retrograde motion the planets appear to move ? with respect to the stars. A.eastward B.westward C.it depends upon the planet; only a few display retrograde motion ___ 35. The ? first originated the idea of dividing the circle into 360° and further dividing each degree into 60 minutes and each minute into 60 seconds. A.Egyptians B.Greeks C.Chinese D.Olmecs E.Mesopotamians ___ 36. The atomic number is determined by the number of A.neutrons B.electrons C.protons ___ 37. An azimuth oriented directly towards the west would be at ? degrees. A.0 B.45 C.90 D.180 E.270 ___ 38. The formula F = ma refers to Newton's Law of A.Action and Reaction B.Inertia C.Force ___ 39. If you were facing toward the south the stars would appear to rotate in the sky in a ? motion. A.clockwise B.counterclockwise C.it would depend on the time of night ___ 40. ? zodiacal constellations are situated along the ecliptic. A.all B.some C.no ___ 41. Electrons carry a ? charge. A.positive B.negative C.some are negative, some are positive ___ 42. The North Pole is at 90 degrees A.latitude B.longitude C.the North Pole is actually at 180 degrees rather than 90 ___ 43. The signs of the Zodiac originated with the A.Egyptians B.Greeks C.Chinese D.Olmecs E.Mesopotamians ___ 44. ? is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds of arc. A.declination B.right ascension C.both declination and right ascension are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds of arc ___ 45. A highly reflective body has ? albedo. A.less B.more C.there is no correlation between albedo and reflectivity ___ 46. Some planets have angular sizes almost as large as a ? of arc. A.degree B.minute C.second ___ 47. ? was the first astronomer to fully develop the heliocentric theory. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 48. Mercury and Venus are best observed during a A.conjunction B.greatest elongation C.it makes no difference when observations are made ___ 49. The solar day is longer during A.aphelion B.perihelion C.the length of the solar day does not change ___ 50. One astronomical unit is about ? million miles. A.8.3 B.23.5 C.93 D.150 E.365 ___ 51. A wave is composed of a regular series of ? that move through a medium or through empty space. A.particles B.disturbances C.waves can be composed of either a series of particles or a series of disturbances moving through a medium or through empty space ___ 52. The dominant energy transport in gases is A.conduction B.convection C.radiative transfer D.all of the above are equally important ___ 53. Dark surfaces are typically ? reflectors. A.poor B.good C.there is no relationship between color and reflectivity ___ 54. Isotopes of an element have different numbers of A.neutrons B.electrons C.protons ___ 55. Planets move fastest at A.aphelion B.perihelion C.planets move at the same rate of speed throughout their orbital cycle ___ 56. Using an early telescope, studies by ? on the angular sizes of stars showed that Copernicus' theories were probably correct. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Ptolemy ___ 57. When a planet approaches the Sun, gravitational energy becomes A.smaller B.larger C.gravitational energy always remains the same ___ 58. Four Newtons would equal about ? pounds of pressure. A.one B.two C.three D.four E.five ___ 59. Traveling from east to west you would ? an hour when you cross a time zone. A.add B.subtract ___ 60. Water is an A.element B.compound ___ 61. ? invented differential and integral calculus. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 62. The year 1800 ? a leap year; the year 2000 ? a leap year. A.was; was B.was; was not C.was not; was D.you cannot determine this from the data given ___ 63. As temperature increases, a blackbody will emit ? electromagnetic wavelengths. A.shorter B.longer C.there is no relationship between blackbody temperature versus wavelength emitted ___ 64. During a year the Sun would complete ? circle around the Zodiac. A.one B.two C.the Zodiac has nothing to do with Sun position ___ 65. ? first discovered that four large moons orbit Jupiter. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 66. The amount of material in a body, or the measure of the inertia of a body, defines A.mass B.momentum C.velocity D.acceleration E.weight ___ 67. ? was the first scientist to accurately determine the circumference of the Earth, differing from the true value by only about 15%. A.Ptolemy B.Copernicus C.Brahe D.Hipparchus E.Eratosthenes ___ 68. When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body also exerts a force on the first. This relationship was first defined precisely by A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 69. The zenith is ? directly above your head. A.never B.sometimes C.always ___ 70. Weight will ? with increasing altitude from the Earth's surface. A.increase B.decrease C.there is no relationship between weight and altitude ___ 71. The Synodic Month is about ? days long. A.27.3 B.29.5 C.the Synodic Month may be either 27.3 days or 29.5 days long ___ 72. The altitude and azimuth of a star ? shift during the night. A.would B.would not ___ 73. Time zones encompass about ? degrees of longitude. A.10 B.15 C.20 D.23.5 E.24 ___ 74. A body moving at escape velocity would move in the form of a A.circle B.ellipse C.parabola D.hyperbola ___ 75. ? made very accurate astronomical observations; his data were used by Kepler to formulate theories of planetary motion. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Ptolemy E.Copernicus ___ 76. Gamma rays have ? wavelengths. A.small B.large C.gamma rays may have either small or large wavelengths, depending upon their temperature ___ 77. Accretional heating is due to A.radioactivity B.kinetic energy C.both radioactivity and kinetic energy are equally important in accretional heating ___ 78. In the Doppler Effect ? changes. A.wavelength B.frequency C.both wavelength and frequency changes ___ 79. Photons ? mass. A.have B.have no ___ 80. ? is measured eastward from the Vernal Equinox. A.declination B.right ascension C.both declination and right ascension are measured eastward from the Vernal Equinox ___ 81. ? first discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 82. ? first discovered that in the absence of air resistance, all objects fall in exactly the same way. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 83. The diurnal motion of a star is towards the A.west B.east C.the diurnal motion of a star is toward the east except during retrograde motion ___ 84. During the Autumnal Equinox the Sun would be positioned over the A.Tropic of Capricorn B.Celestial Equator C.Tropic of Cancer D.Sun position has nothing to do with the Autumnal Equinox ___ 85. The concept of the Conservation of Angular Momentum was first formulated by A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 86. Electromagnetic waves with small wavelengths have ? frequencies. A.low B.high C.there is no relationship between wavelength versus frequency ___ 87. The ? system uses right ascension and declination to define the position of astronomical objects. A.horizon B.equatorial C.both the horizon and equatorial systems use right ascension and declination ___ 88. A Blackbody A.absorbs all wavelengths of light B.emits electromagnetic radiation C.blackbodies both absorb and emit radiation ___ 89. The Law of Inertia was formulated by A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 90. The ? first developed the 52 year-cycle "Calendar Round" system with a 260 day "Almanac Year" and a 365 day "Solar Year". A.Maya B.Arabs C.Chinese D.Olmecs E.Mesopotamians ___ 91. According to Einstein's Special Relativity Theory, mass and energy ? interchangable. A.are B.are not ___ 92. During nuclear ?, less massive nuclei are produced. A.fusion B.fission C.in both fusion and fission, less massive nuclei are produced ___ 93. At arms length your fist is about ? degrees across the knuckles. A.2 B.5 C.10 D.15 E.20 ___ 94. During the early history of the Solar System, radioactive heating was probably A.less B.greater C.there has been no change in the amount of radioactive heating throughout the history of the Solar System ___ 95. By rolling balls down inclined planes, ? first discovered that the distance a ball travels is proportional to the square of the time that it has been in motion. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 96. The Sidereal Day is ? than the Mean Solar Day. A.shorter B.longer C.there is no difference between the Sidereal versus Mean Solar Day ___ 97. Because of his inability to detect stellar parallax, ? proposed that the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth and the other planets orbited the Sun. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 98. ? first discovered that a planet will move so that an imaginary line connecting the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. A.Galileo B.Brahe C.Newton D.Kepler E.Copernicus ___ 99. An atom is the smallest unit of a A.element B.compound ___ 100. If the average speed of a gas is greater than about ? the escape velocity, all the atoms will escape a planet's atmosphere in a relatively short period of time. A.1/2 B.1/3 C.1/4 D.1/6 E.1/10