Download Joint - Fisiokinesiterapia

Skeleton & Joints
The Skeletal System
• Overview of the skeleton
• The skull
• The vertebral column
and
thoracic cage
• The pectoral girdle and
upper limb
• The pelvic girdle and
lower limb
• Adaptations to
Bipedalism
Overview of the Skeleton
• Regions of the skeleton
– axial skeleton = central axis
– appendicular skeleton = limbs and girdles
• Number of bones
– 206 in typical adult skeleton
Surface Features of Bones
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
Major Skull Cavities
The Skull
• 22 bones joined together by sutures
• Cranial bones surround cranial cavity
– 8 bones in contact with meninges
• Facial bones support teeth and form
nasal cavity and orbit
– 14 bones with no direct contact with brain
or meninges
– attachment of facial and jaw muscles
Frontal Bone
• Forms forehead
• Forms roof of the
orbit
Parietal Bone
• Cranial roof and part
of its lateral walls
• Temporal lines of
temporalis muscle
Temporal lines
Temporal Bone
• Lateral wall and part of
floor of cranial cavity
– squamous part
– tympanic part
– mastoid part
– petrous portion
Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone
• Part of cranial floor
• Houses middle and inner
ear cavities
Occipital Bone
• Rear and base of skull
• Foramen magnum
• Skull rests on atlas
Sphenoid Bone
• Body of the sphenoid
• Lesser wing
• Greater wing
Maxillary Bones
• Forms upper jaw
• Forms inferomedial wall of orbit
• Forms anterior 2/3’s
of hard palate
Nasal Bones
• Forms bridge of
nose and supports
cartilages of nose
Mandible
• Only movable bone
• Holds the lower teeth
• Attachment of muscles of mastication
• Mandibular foramen
• Mental foramen
Ramus, Angle and Body of
Mandible
The Vertebral Column
Newborn Spinal Curvature
• Spine exhibits one
continuous Cshaped curve
Adult Spinal Curvatures
• S-shaped vertebral
column with 4
curvatures
• Secondary curvatures
develop after birth
– Cervical curvature
– Lumbar curvature
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
• Scoliosis
• Kyphosis
• Lordosis
Typical Cervical Vertebrae
• Small body and larger vertebral foramen
• Transverse process short with transverse
foramen for protection of vertebral arteries
• Bifid or forked spinous process in C2 to C6
Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
• Spinous processes pointed and angled downward
• Rib attachment
Lumbar Vertebrae
• Thick, stout body and blunt, squarish
spinous process
Thoracic Cage
• Attachment site
• Protection
• Involved in respiration
True and False Ribs
• True ribs (1 to 7)
• False ribs (8-12)
• 12 pairs of ribs in
both sexes
Pectoral Girdle
• Attaches upper extremity to the body
• Scapula and clavicle
• Clavicle attaches medially to the
sternum and laterally to the scapula
• Scapula articulates with the humerus
Clavicle
• S-shaped bone, flattened dorsoventrally
Scapula
• Triangular plate overlies ribs 2 to 7
Upper Limb
• 30 bones per limb
• Brachium
• Antebrachium
• Carpus
• Manus
Brachium and Antebrachium
Carpal Bones
• Form wrist
• 2 rows (4 bones each)
Metacarpals and Phalanges
• Phalanges are
bones of the fingers
• Metacarpals are
bones of the palm
Sesamoid Bone
Pelvic Girdle
• Girdle
• Pelvis
• Supports trunk on the legs
and protects viscera
Os Coxae (Hip Bone)
• Acetabulum is hip joint socket
• Ilium
• Pubis
• Ischium
Comparison of Male and
Female
• Female lighter, shallower pubic arch( >100 degrees), and
pubic inlet round or oval
• Male heavier, upper pelvis nearly vertical,
coccyx more vertical, and pelvic inlet heart-shaped
Femur and Patella
Tibia
• Tibia is thick, weightbearing bone (medial)
• Broad superior head with
2 flat articular surfaces
Fibula
• Slender lateral strut
stabilizes ankle
• Does not bear any
body weight
• Joined to tibia by
interosseous
membrane
The Ankle and Foot
•
Tarsal bones are shaped and
arranged differently from carpal
bones
•
Talus
•
Calcaneus
•
Distal row of tarsal bones
The Foot
• Remaining bones of foot
are similar in name and
arrangement to the hand
• Metatarsal I is proximal to
the great toe (hallux)
• Phalanges
– 2 in great toe
– 3 in all other toes
Bipedalism and Limb
Adaptations
Bipedalism and Upright
Stance
Bipedalism and Head Position
The Skeletal System Summary
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Overview of the skeleton
The skull
The vertebral column and thoracic cage
The pectoral girdle and upper limb
The pelvic girdle and lower limb
Adaptations to Bipedalism
Joints
• Joints Classification
– bony
– fibrous
– cartilaginous
• Synovial joints
• Types of Movement
• Anatomy of Some Joints
–
–
–
–
Humeroscapular
Elbow
Coxal
Knee
• Joint Disease
Joints Classification
• Arthrology
• Kinesiology
Joints Classification
• Classified by freedom of movement
– diarthrosis
– amphiarthrosis
– Synarthrosis
• Classified how adjacent bones are joined
– fibrous, cartilaginous, bony or synovial
Bony Joint
• Gap between two bones
ossifies
• Can occur in either fibrous or
cartilaginous joint
Fibrous Joints
• Collagen fibers span the space between
bones
– sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses
Fibrous Joint -- Sutures
• Immovable fibrous
joints
• Serrate - interlocking
lines
Fibrous Joint -- Sutures
• Lap - overlapping beveled
edges
• Plane - straight,
nonoverlapping edges
Types of Sutures
Fibrous Joint -- Gomphoses
• Attachment of a tooth to
its socket
• Held in place by fibrous
periodontal ligament
• Some movement while
chewing
Fibrous Joint -- Syndesmosis
• Two bones bound
by ligament only
• Most movable of fibrous joints
Cartilaginous Joint
• Bones are joined by
hyaline cartilage
Cartilaginous Joint -- Symphysis
• 2 bones joined by
fibrocartilage
• Only slight amount
of movement is
possible
Synovial Joint
• Joint in which two bones are separated by a
space called a joint cavity
General Anatomy
• Articular capsule encloses joint cavity
• Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds
cartilages
General Anatomy
• Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering
the joint surfaces
• Articular discs and menisci
• Tendon
• Ligament
Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
• Bursa
• Tendon sheaths
Components of a Lever
• A lever is a rigid object that rotates around
a fixed point called a fulcrum
• Rotation occurs when effort overcomes
resistance
Mechanical Advantage of a Lever
• Two kinds of levers
– lever that helps increase output of force
– lever move object further and faster
Mechanical Advantage
• Mechanical advantage is calculated from the
length of the effort arm (Muscle moment) divided
by the length of the resistance arm (Joint
moment)
First-Class Lever
• Has fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance
Second-Class Lever
• Resistance between fulcrum and effort
Third-Class Lever
• Effort between the resistance and the fulcrum
Range of Motion
• Degrees through which a joint can move
• Determined by
– structure of the articular surfaces
– strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons
and capsule
– action of the muscles and tendons
Axes of Rotation
• Shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom =
multiaxial joint
• Other joints – monoaxial or biaxial
Types of Synovial Joints
Types of
Synovial
Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joints
• Smooth hemispherical head fits within
a cuplike depression
• Multiaxial joint
Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
• Oval convex surface on one bone fits
into a similarly shaped depression on
the next
• Biaxial joints
Saddle Joints
• Each articular surface is shaped like a
saddle, concave in one direction and
convex in the other
• Biaxial joint
Gliding Joints
• Flat articular surfaces in which bones
slide over each other
• Limited monoaxial joint
Hinge Joints
• One bone with convex surface that fits
into a concave depression on other
bone
• Monoaxial joint
Pivot Joints
• One bone has a projection that fits into a
ringlike ligament of another
• First bone rotates on its longitudinal axis
relative to the other
Types of Movement
Flexion, Extension and
Hyperextension
• Flexion
• Extension
• Hyperextension
Flexion, Extension and
Hyperextension
Abduction and Adduction
• Abduction
– Hyperabduction
• Adduction
Elevation and Depression
• Elevation
• Depression
Protraction and Retraction
• Protraction
• Retraction
Circumduction
Rotation
• Medial rotation
• Lateral rotation
Supination and Pronation
• In the forearm and foot
• Supination
• Pronation
Movements of Head and
Trunk
• Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion
of vertebral column
Rotation of Trunk and Head
• Right rotation of trunk; rotation of head
Movements of Mandible
• Lateral excursion
• Medial excursion
• Protraction
Movement of Hand and Digits
• Radial and ulnar
flexion
• Abduction of
fingers and thumb
• Opposition is
movement of the
thumb to approach
or touch the
fingertips
• Reposition is
movement back to
the anatomical
position
Movements of the Foot
• Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing
the foot forward to take a step (heel strike)
• Plantarflexion is extension of the foot so that the toes
point downward as in standing on tiptoe
• Inversion is a movement in which the soles are turned
medially
• Eversion is a turning of the soles to face laterally
Shoulder Joint
The Humeroscapular Joint
• Most freely movable joint in the body
– shallowness and looseness
• Supported by ligaments and tendons
– 3 glenohumeral, coracohumeral,
transverse humeral and biceps
tendon
The Humeroscapular Joint
• Supported by rotator cuff musculature
• 4 Bursae associated with shoulder joint
Stabilizers of the Shoulder
Joint
Tendons of Rotator Cuff
Muscles
Dissection of Shoulder Joint
Elbow Joint
The Elbow Joint
• Single joint capsule
enclosing the
humeroulnar and
humeroradial joints
Elbow Joint
Hip Joint
The Coaxal (hip) Joint
• Head of femur articulates with acetabulum
Hip Joint
Dissection of Hip Joint
Knee Joint
The Knee Joint
• Most complex diarthrosis
– Patellofemoral
– Tibiofemoral
The Knee Joint
• Joint capsule anteriorly
consists
of patella and extensions of
quadriceps
femoris tendon
Knee Joint – Sagittal Section
Knee Joint – Anterior and
Posterior Views
• Anterior and lateral cruciate ligaments
• Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Knee Joint – Superior View
• Medial and lateral meniscus absorb shock
and shape joint
Dissection of Knee Joint
Joint Disease
Arthritis
• Arthritis is a broad term for pain and
inflammation
Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis results from years of joint
wear
Arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune
attack on joint
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Summary
• Joints Classification
– bony
– fibrous
– cartilaginous
• Synovial joints
• Anatomy of Some Joints
– Humeroscapular
– Elbow
– Coxal
– Knee
• Joint Disease