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Dr. Hassanen al-Sharoot Anatomy Second Stage Respiratory system Respiratory System: consist of conducting portion, respiratory portion and pumping mechanism. 1-Conducting portion: through which the air passes to reach the respiratory portion. It composed of the nose, nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea and within the lung the bronchi and bronchioles as far as the respiratory bronchioles. The oral cavity serves as a pathway for the passing to and from the pharynx and then to the lung. 2-Respiratory portion: comprises the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, the alveolar sacs and the pulmonary alveoli. 3-The pumping apparatus are: 1- The two pleural sacs which envelop the lung and from the vacuum chamber around them. 2-The skeleton of thorax 3-The diaphragm. *Function of the respiratory system: 1-Exchange of oxygen. 2-Voice producing (a role in which the larynx plays an important part). 3-It is also associated with the olfactory system (part nasal mucous membrane contains the sensory olfactory cells and is known as the olfactory region). The Nose: is the projecting from face such as seen in man not seen in the domestic animals. In domestic animals, the nose embodied in the skeleton of the face and forms the large dorsal and lateral areas (dorsum nasi) rostral to the eyes. The nose has: 1-The apex of the nose: the apical segment of the nose and the nasal cartilage present here differ in the domestic animals 2-The Nostrils: in the apex and lead to the nasal cavity to which are connected directly or indirectly with several paranasal sinus 3-The Nasal Septum: form a portion between the nostrils and divided the nasal cavity into right and left halves. Dr. Hassanen al-Sharoot Anatomy Second Stage Nasal cartilages: types of the nasal cartilages are 1-Ventral and dorsal lateral nasal cartilages. 2- Lateral accessory nasal cartilage 3-Medial accessory nasal cartilage Nasal conchae: Are thin osseous scrolls that are covered on each side with m.m. are originated with a basal lamella from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. This lamella projects medially like a shelf and is continued by one , two , or more spirals lamellae which roll up on themselves and form the scroll . Types of nasal conchea The large dorsal, middle and ventral nasal conchae: are project from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity are located in the middle portion of it, while the smaller and more numerous ethmoidal conchae are in the caudal portion of it. The caudal parts of the dorsal and middle nasal conchae are part from ethmoid conchae. The dorsal and ventral nasal conchae are divided the nasal cavity into three meatuses. 1-The dorsal nasal meatus: is narrow passage between the roof of the nasal cavity and dorsal conchae and leads into the caudal part of the nose. 2- The middle nasal meatus: is between the dorsal and ventral conchae and leads to caudal part of nasal cavity. 3-The ventral nasal meatus: - is the largest lies between the ventral concha and the floor of the nasal cavity and leads into the nasopharynx. 4-The common nasal meatus: the narrow space between the nasal septum and the conchae extends from the roof of the nasal cavity to the floor and is continuous laterally with the other meatus. Dr. Hassanen al-Sharoot Anatomy Second Stage H G F E D C B A A-Ventral meatus, B-Ventral concha, C-Middle meatus , D- Dorsal concha , E- Common meatus, F-Dorsal meatus, G- Middle concha , H- Ethmoid conchae