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Transcript
Dentistry college Practical physiology Lecturer : Jameela k . Alomary Blood groups and Rh factor determination Blood typing is a test that determines a person's blood type . The test is essential if you need a blood transfusion or are planning to donate blood . your blood type is determined by what kind of antigens your red blood cells have on the surface . The A , B , O blood typing system groups your blood into one of four categories : Type A has the A antigen . Type B has the B antigen . Type AB has both A and B antigens . Type O has neither A nor B antigens . If blood enters your system with antigens that you don’t have . your body will create anti bodies angainst it .However , some people can still safely receive blood that isn’t their blood type . so long as the blood they receive doesn’t have any antigens that mark it as foreign, their bodies won't attack it . Notes : O : type O individuals can donate blood to anyone ( because their blood has no antigens ) , but can receive blood only from other type O individual . ( because blood with any antigens is seen as foreign ) A : type A individuals can donate to other type A individuals and type AB individuals type A individuals can receive blood only from other type A individuals and type O individuals . B : type B individuals can donate blood to other B individuals and AB individuals . type B individuals can 1 Dentistry college Practical physiology Lecturer : Jameela k . Alomary receive blood only from type B individuals and type O individuals . AB : type AB individuals can give blood only to other AB individuals , but can receive blood of any type . The Rh factor More than 85% of the population has another red cell amtigen group called the Rh factor , named for Rhesus monkey , in wich it was first found . Rh is also known as the D antigen . people with this antigen are said to be Rh positive . those who lack this protein are said to be Rh negative ( 15% ) . Rh + : people with Rh- positive blood have Rh antigens on the surface of their red blood cells . people with Rh+ blood can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood Rh - : people with Rh- negative blood do not have Rh antigens . people with Rh- blood can receive only blood that is also Rh- . Blood groups and pregnancy A blood group test is always done on pregnant women . If the mother is Rh negative and the unborn baby is Rh positive ( inherited from Rh positive father ) then the mother's immune system may produce anti- Rh antibodies . these may attack and destroy the baby's blood cells . This is rarely a problem in a first prergnancy . However , whithout treatment , this can become aserious problem in subsequent pregnancies , as the mother's immune system will be sensitised after the first pregnancy . 2 Dentistry college Practical physiology Lecturer : Jameela k . Alomary The principle : A drop of blood is mixed with anti- A , anti- B and anti – D sera and examined for agglutination . Objective : To determine the group ABO and Rh factor . Apparatus and Reagents Slide method 1- Anti- ABO sera kit . 2- Glass slides . 3- Sticks for mixing . 4- Lancet . 5- Blood sample . Procedure 1- Divide a glass slide into three areas A, B and D . 2- Add one drop of anti- A, anti-B and anti – D into each division ( A , B and D ) . 3- Prick a finger with asterile Lancet , and place one drop of blood in areas A , B and D . 4- Mix them ( blood and serum ) separately and well with clean match stick . 5- After two minutes observe the area for the evidence of agglutination of the red cells . 6- Find out the blood groups using the following table . 3 Dentistry college Practical physiology Lecturer : Jameela k . Alomary Anti – A serum Anti – B serum Anti – D serum Blood group and Rh type + + + + - + + + + - + + + + - A+ AB+ BAB+ ABO+ O- Figure (2): Adding of anti-sera 4 Dentistry college Practical physiology Lecturer : Jameela k . Alomary Figure (1) : Blood typing 5