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Blood
Biology 11
S. MacInnes
Interesting Facts!
• During an average lifetime, your heart
pumps enough blood to fill two large
ocean tankers
• Every minute, 5 liters of blood cycles from
the heart to the lungs
• Two million red blood cells die every
second
• 7% of your body weight is made up of
blood
• Blood is such a good stain that Native
Americans used it for paint.
BLOOD
• Blood is the liquid tissue of transport
in humans and other vertebrates.
• Blood is made up of cells floating in a
liquid.
• Because it is liquid, blood can
transport dissolved and suspended
materials.
• The average human has 5.5 litres of
blood.
• Blood cells include red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets.
Functions of blood include…
• transport of life sustaining nutrients, O2
hormones
• transport of cellular wastes such as
CO2 and urea.
• protection from disease (immunity)
• clotting
• maintaining constant body temperature
• helps with regulation of fluid levels in
body
BLOOD
• The fluid part of blood is called PLASMA
and makes up about 55% of the total
volume; cells make up the remaining 45%.
• Plasma is a clear, straw-colored liquid
consisting of about 93% water and 7%
dissolved proteins.
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Red blood cells (aka erythrocytes) are the
most common type of blood cell (about 5
million per cubic millimeter of blood).
• The major function of red blood cells is to
carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s
cells and carry carbon dioxide from the cells
to the lungs.
• Red blood cells do
not have a nucleus
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Red blood cells only live for 120 days,
therefore, they are continually being
produced.
• Red blood cells contain an iron containing
pigment called HAEMOGLOBIN which is
responsible for carrying oxygen and gives
the blood its red color.
• Each RBC contains 280 million molecules
of haemoglobin!
Animation: Red Blood Cells
• What might happen if a person’s iron is
low?
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
• White blood cells are also
known as LEUKOCYTES.
There are two types, T and
B, and they are part of the
immune system.
• They help protect the body
against infection by bacteria
by making antibodies.
• They are produced in the
bone marrow and mature in
the thymus gland, the
spleen and lymph nodes.
• They can live from a couple
of hours to a couple of
days.
Animation: White Blood Cells
PLATELETS
• Platelets are cell fragments responsible for
blood clotting.
• They use a special protein called fibrin and
calcium to help the blood clot.
• They also do not have a nucleus and are
produced from bone cells in the marrow.
• What might happen if a person was low in
platelets?
BLOOD CLOT
Animation: Blood clotting
BLOOD SUGAR
• While watching the following video, note
what insulin is, what it does and how it
does not function properly in diabetics:
• Blood Sugar Regulation & Diabetes
BLOOD TYPES
• Like the other cells in your body, blood
cells have a protein marker (ANTIGEN)
on their cell membrane.
• There are two types of blood antigens; A
and B.
• A persons blood cells will therefore
contain either A antigens ( type A blood),
B antigens ( type B blood), both A and B
antigens ( type AB blood), or no antigens
( type O blood).
BLOOD TYPES
• The antibodies produced by your immune
system will recognize the antigens of your
blood type. You can receive a transfusion
as long as the blood contains the same
antigens as your blood.
• If you receive the wrong blood type, your
antibodies will attack the foreign antigens
causing your blood to clump (“agglutinate”)
resulting in death.
BLOOD TYPES
Blood
Type
A
Antigen
A
Antibod
y
anti-B
Can
Receive:
A or O
B
B
anti-A
B or O
AB
A+B
None
O
None
anti A &
B
A, B, AB,
or O
only O
Blood Type Percentages in
Various Regions of the World
Blood Type
A
B
AB
O
Canada
40.4%
11.0%
4.4%
44.2%
USA –white
41%
10.0%
4.0%
45%
USA- black
26.0%
21.0%
3.7%
49.3%
Japanese
38.4%
21.8%
8.6%
31.2%
Hawaiian
60.8%
2.2%
0.5%
36.5%
Chinese
25.0%
35.0%
10.0%
30.0%
Australian
Aborigine
44.7%
2.1%
0.0%
53.1%
Native North
American
7.7%
1.0%
0.0%
91.3%
Rh FACTOR
• Named after rhesus monkey.
• Comprises eight antigens some of which
cause agglutination in blood transfusions.
• Blood with one or more of the antigens
are Rh+ (85% of population).
• Blood with no antigens is Rh-.
Rh FACTOR
• Rh- antibodies do not develop until
exposure to Rh+ blood.
• When Rh- person receive first Rh+
transfusion, antibodies develop but second
transfusion results in a reaction!
• Rh+ people can receive both types of
antibodies with no side effects.
Rh FACTOR
• If expecting Rh- mother has baby that has
inherited fathers Rh+ blood, some of babies
blood may result in formation of antibodies in
mother’s blood shortly after delivery.
• Within 72 hours of birth, she MUST be
injected with Rh- antibodies to distroy the
Rh+ antigens for if she conceives a second
Rh+ child, her antibodies will attack that
babies blood!
BLOOD TYPING GAME
Animation: Blood Typing Game (Nobel)
For more information see the blood
tutorials at the following link:
Blood Tutorials