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EXERCISE ANSWER KEY
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CHAPTER 3 - THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH
Exercise 3.1
This exercise lends itself to group work. It focuses students’ attention on their knowledge of the
underlying morphological system that enables them to create new words from nonsense words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
bloggy
bloggish
bloggishly or bloggily
bloggery or blogging
He meant “the universe of Web logs.”
Exercise 3.2
1.
dis  able
{dis-} negates the meaning of a word (disallow, disfunction)
{able} is an adjective meaning “capable of”
2.
non  sense
{non-} changes the meaning of a word to its negative (nonrefundable)
{sense} is a noun meaning “intelligibility”
3.
fright  en
{fright} is a noun meaning “intense fear”
{-en} creates verbs from other words (sharpen)
4.
type  write  er
{type} is a noun meaning “printed letter or character”
{write} is a verb meaning “to form letters or characters”
{-er} creates nouns meaning “one who does” (speaker)
5.
in  decent
{in-} changes the meaning of a word to its opposite (insensitive)
{decent} is an adjective meaning “modest”
6.
en  roll  ment
{en-} creates verbs from other words (enslave)
{roll} is a noun meaning “roster”
{-ment} creates nouns meaning “state of” (excitement)
7.
fever  ish  ly
{fever} is a noun meaning “high body temperature”
{-ish} creates adjectives from other words (foolish)
{-ly} creates adverbs from adjectives (quickly)
8.
need  less  ness
{need} is a noun meaning “the condition in which something is required”
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EXERCISE ANSWER KEY
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{-less} creates adjectives meaning “free of” (careless)
{-ness} creates nouns from adjectives (shyness)
9.
un  ethic  al
{un-} changes the meaning of a word to its negative (unkind)
{ethic} is a noun meaning “a principle of right”
{-al} creates adjectives from other words
Exercise 3.3
Yester | day | the | bak | er |’s | old | est | daughter | ran | a | way | with | the | bank | er |’s | young | er | son.
Exercise 3.4
1.
Mark | usual | ly | check | s | the | new | s | paper | head | line | s | each | after | noon.
2.
Jack | ie | real | ly | try | ed | to | under | stand | the | teach | er | ’s | state | ment.
The American Heritage Dictionary calls news a plural but students may not perceive it as such.
Exercise 3.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
D - Something that will occur in the future.
B - Something in a narrative that occurred in the past but is told as though it were happening
in the present
C - Something that is ongoing in the past, present, and future or
A - A regular activity assumed to occur in the past, the present, and the future
B - Something in a narrative that occurred in the past but is told as though it were happening
in the present
E - Something that occurs at an indefinite time
A - A regular activity assumed to occur in the past, the present, and the future
Exercise 3.6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
owned, owned
brought, brought
wove, woven (Some dialects use weaved, weaved.)
got, got (Some American dialects use gotten as a past participle.)
learned, learned (British English has learnt as past and past participle.)
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EXERCISE ANSWER KEY
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6.
swung, swung (Some dialects use swang, swung.)
7.
crept, crept
8.
woke, waked (Some dialects use waked, waked or woke, woken.)
9.
pleaded, pleaded or pled, pled
Exercise 3.7
1.
Noun
Verb
Obesity is one of the results of our love of fast food.
Clarissa’s failure to water the garden resulted in lots of dead shrubs.
2.
Noun
Adjective
Some actors always have to play the heavies in the movies.
Abby believes a pound of lead is heavier than a pound of feathers.
3.
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Tom tried three yellows before he found a house color he liked.
The rice slowly yellowed as Nisha stirred in the saffron.
I prefer eggs with yellower yolks.
4.
Noun
Verb
The short stop caught three flies in the eighth inning.
Matt and his family flew to Hawaii every summer when he was a child.
5.
Noun
Verb
There were only a few seats available in the auditorium for today’s lecture.
We seated ourselves in the first row so that we would be able to see the
speaker easily.
6.
Noun
Lots of people found the stock market irresistible when it was hitting new
highs every day.
It was possible then to get the highest returns ever on investments.
Some unfortunate people are still waiting for the market to go higher than it
was when they first bought stock.
Adjective
Adverb
7.
Noun
Verb
It is difficult to find old cars with bright finishes.
The orchestra has finished rehearsing for tonight’s concert.
8.
Noun
Verb
The snows on that mountain sometimes make it difficult for climbers to find
their way back down.
It was snowing when we started driving home at Thanksgiving.
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Fortunately, Gwen’s fasts usually last only a day or two.
When she fasts, her children have to cook their own dinners.
The fastest vehicles on the road are sometimes the trucks.
9.
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EXERCISE ANSWER KEY
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Adverb
Do you drive faster when going to school or when going home?
Exercise 3.8
Some of the possible derivations from act are:
actable, actably, action, actionary, actionless, activate, active, actively activeness activist, activistic,
activisticly, activity, antiaction, deactivate, enact, enaction, enactment, inactable, inactableness,
inactably, inaction, inactivate, inactive, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity, nonaction, nonactive,
nonactively, nonactiveness, nonactivity, proaction, proactive, proactively, proactiveness, proactivity,
react, reaction, reactionary, reactionless, reactionlessly, reactivate, reactive, reactiveness, reactivity,
reenact, reenaction, reenactment, semiaction, semiactive, semiactively, semiactiveness, semiactivity,
superaction, superactive, superactively, unactable, unactably, and so on.
Students may create or discover others.
Exercise 3.9
1.
{scan} free base
{-er} bound derivational suffix; creates nouns meaning “something that performs the action”;
can be used in copier
2.
{ante-} bound derivational prefix meaning “before”; can be used in antebellum
{chamber} free base
3.
{pre-} bound derivational prefix meaning “before in time”; can be used in preschool
{view} free base
4.
{un-} bound derivational prefix meaning “not”; can be used in unpleasant
{afford} free base
{-able} bound derivational adjective-making suffix meaning “capable of”; can be used in
reasonable
5.
{be-} bound derivational verb-making prefix; can be used in bedevil
{calm} free base
6.
{inter-}bound derivational morpheme, meaning “between or among”; can be used in interact
{net} free base
7.
{oboe} free base
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EXERCISE ANSWER KEY
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{-ist} bound derivational suffix meaning “a person who does or plays”; can be used in soloist
8.
{employ} free base
{-ment} bound derivational noun-making suffix; can be used in government
9.
{fore-} bound derivational prefix meaning “before in time”; can be used in foretaste
{close} free base
{-ure} bound derivational noun-making morpheme meaning “act of”; can be used in erasure
Exercise 3.10
This exercise can be assigned as homework or it can be done in class in small groups.
acrophobia
claustrophobia
hydrophobia
agoraphobia
gamophobia
orinthophobia
panophobia
melissophobia
demophobia
thanatophobia
phagophobia
ichthyphobia
genophobia
arachnophobia
ophidiophobia
xenophobia
gynophobia
triskaidekaphobia
autophobia
fear of heights
fear of being locked up, shut up in an enclosed space
fear of water
fear of open spaces
fear of marriage
fear of birds
fear of work
fear of bees
fear of crowds
fear of death
fear of eating
fear of fish
fear of sex
fear of spiders
fear of snakes
fear of strangers
fear of women
fear of thirteen
fear of being alone
scopophobia
hygrophobia
batrachnophobia
peniaphobia
alophobia
fear of being looked at
fear of dampness
fear of frogs
fear of poverty
fear of seeing, handling, or playing a flute or similar wind instrument.
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EXERCISE ANSWER KEY
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Exercise 3.11
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
brook - inflects as a noun (brooks) and a verb (brooked); the noun accepts the derivational
affix {-let}: brooklet
until - cannot accept changes
rather - cannot accept changes
old - inflects as an adjective (older, oldest); it also accepts the derivational suffix {-en}
(olden)
thus - cannot accept changes
so - cannot accept changes
however - cannot accept changes
stop - inflects as a noun (stops) and a verb (stopped); it also accepts the derivational suffix
{-er} (stopper).
someone - accepts no derivational suffixes, but inflects as a pronoun (someone’s notes)
Review Exercises
Morphological Analysis
1.
unspeakable
{un-}
{speak}
{-able}
bound derivational prefix meaning “not”(uneven)
free base meaning “to utter words”: “The Attorney General will speak at our
Commencement.”
bound derivational suffix ; creates adjectives meaning “capable of” (arguable)
2.
mysteriously
{mystery}
contains a bound allomorph of the free base meaning “something
inexplicable”: “Carolyn wrote her first mystery when she was only twelve.”
{-ous}
bound derivational suffix; creates adjectives meaning “full of” (rigorous)
{-ly}
bound derivational suffix; creates adverbs from adjectives (quickly)
3.
indecisive
{in-}
{decide}
{-ive}
bound derivational prefix meaning “not” (inedible)
bound base form of decide “to conclude or settle”: “Jack’s problem is that he
cannot decide.”
bound derivational suffix; creates adjectives meaning “tendency toward”
(reclusive)
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EXERCISE ANSWER KEY
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4.
keyboard
{key}
free base meaning “a button that is pressed to operate a machine”: “The delete
key on this computer doesn’t work.”
{board}
free base meaning “a flat piece of wood adapted for special use”: “Their
bookshelf was made of boards supported by bricks.”
Keyboard is a compound word.
5.
connection
{connect}
{-ion}
6.
delightful
{delight}
{-ful}
7.
removal
{re-}
{move}
{-al}
8.
9.
nanometer
{nano-}
{meter}
gigabyte
{giga-}
{byte)
free base meaning “to join, fasten, or link”: “Millie’s conversation never
connects with what precedes it.”
bound derivational suffix; creates nouns from verbs (transaction)
free base meaning “great pleasure, joy”: “The new puppy was a delight to the
whole family.”
bound derivational suffix; creates adjectives meaning “full of” (respectful)
bound derivational prefix meaning “back” (reset)
free base meaning “to change position from one point to another”: “The
second movement of a symphony is often slower than the first.”
bound derivational suffix; creates nouns meaning “act of” (deferral)
bound derivational prefix meaning “one billionth” (nanosecond)
free base unit of measure: “Europeans use meters instead of yards as measures
of distance.”
bound derivational prefix meaning “a billion” (gigaops “a billion operations
per second”)
free base meaning “a sequence of bits, usually eight, treated as a unit in
computing”
Inflectional Morphemes
[Be sure here that participles used adjectivally are not included in identifications.]
traveled
lived
days
past tense
past tense
noun plural
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EXERCISE ANSWER KEY
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was
verb past tense
slower
adjective comparison
lasting
verb present participle
involving
verb present participle
customs
noun plural
waited
verb past tense
boat’s
noun possessive
arrived
verb past tense
being
verb present participle
heading
verb present participle
Colonies
noun plural
best
adverb superlative
encountered
verb past tense
Brothers’
noun plural possessive
lasted
verb past participle
ship’s
noun possessive
later
adjective comparative
New Coinages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
{con-} as in convict
{descend} “to go down”
{-ing} present-participle morpheme
{lie} “prevaricate”
{able} bound derivational suffix meaning “capable of”
{-ity} derivational suffix used to create nouns from adjectives
{equine} “horse”
{ox} “male cow”
{ape} “a primate, such as a monkey or gorilla”
{-ology} “study of”
can’t - contraction of can + {not}
{elope} “run away to get married”
{de-} changes the meaning of a verb to its opposite, as in desalinate
{stable} “to put horses in a barn”
{-ize} verb-making morpheme as in randomize
{pre-} as in preschool
{curse} “to swear”
{-or} “one who does or performs an act”
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