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1 Mickey's Mineral part: <define mineral, elements in earth (amount & size), how atoms arrange themselves into minerals> 1. Mineral = A naturally occurring homogeneous solid with a definite (but generally not fixed) chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic arrangement, generally formed by inorganic processes. <overhead & models Au & Halite & muscovite & amphibole> 2. Elements (in earth's crust: 20 miles continent 8 miles ocean) <example" 10 O's & 10 H's -> 50 % O or weight % 10 O's * 16 + 10 H's * 1 = 170 or 160 / 170 = 94% O> - by weight % oxygen (46%, O) silicon (28, Si) aluminum (8, Al) iron (5, Fe) calcium (4, Ca) sodium (3, Na) potassium (3, K) magnesium (2, Mg) 99 % - volume %: O = 96% weight vs size * atomic weight, directly related to atomic number O = 16 & Si = 28 * atomic size is related to number of electrons O = 0.7, O2- = 1.4A Si = 1.2, Si4+ = 0.4A <model kits> 2 A = 1 * 10-10 m If an atoms radius = 0.5 A: how many atoms in a meter = 1 * 1010 how many atoms in a mm = 1 * 107 how many atoms in a mm2 = 1 * 1014 how many atoms in a mm3 = 1 * 1021 3. Atomic arrangement = crystal structure * ions charge balance * ions fit together - what elements? (Si & O) - Make charge balance (i.e., ratio of Si to O)? SiO2 -> quartz (12 % of crust 20 miles land 8 miles o) - Add Al to SiO2 ->feldspars (51 %) - What is the shape of SiO4? (mixed ionic & covalent) - What is the shape of H2O in ice (a mineral)? (mixed covalent & "ionic") 3 etc: (handback test, go over & points & midterm, answer ? (Bob & light (Steve & pH B. water chemistry kits & Introduction to minerals 1. Test kit results (get values, get more today) pH O2 CO2 hardness = amount of (Mg & Ca) in water grains / gallon -> ppm (x 17.1) ppm story & percents (pph) 1 in 1,000,000 10 in 1,000,000 ......etc. 1,000,000 in 1,000,000 = 100% <prove> 1 ppm = 1 mg/L (1 ml H2O = 1 g) hydration spheres Na & K = 4 Ca & Mg = 12 draw hydration spheres for each ? how does this effect H2O as a solvent? 4 2. regulations (in Water Quality Factors... set based upon several things taste, smell, animals studies, EPA standards (mg/L) = ppm (enforced) As 0.05 1.8 Ba 1.0 400 Cd 0.010 0.2 Cr 0.05 100 Pb 0.05 13 Mg 150.3 20,900 Hg 0.002 0.08 Se 0.01 0.05 Ag 0.05 0.07 Zn 5.0 70 EPA standards (mg/L) = ppm (nonenforced) Cl 250 130 Cu 1 55 Fe 0.3 50,000 Mn 0.05 900 <handout compositions & find "background for above> some details on groundwater <given granite & basalt which do you want a well in> compare to elements in earth's crust "minerals" vs minerals C. Mineral classification 1. chemical classification * minerals are classified on their main anion or anionic complex ion = charged atom (O2-, Si4+ anion = negative ion (O2-, Clpolyatomic anions = negative group (SiO4)4- (PO4)3cation = positive ion (Si4+, Al3+ * ions combine to form minerals, such that the charges sum to zero examples major mineral groups 5 oxides: O2-: hematite, Fe2O3 hydroxides: (OH)-: gibbsite, Al(OH)3 100,000 -> 0.80 / lb sulfides: S"-": pyrite, FeS2 sulfates: (SO4)2-: gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O phosphates: apatite & pyromorphite (Cl) (Pb ex) carbonates: (CO3)2-: calcite, CaCO3 silicates: (SiO4)4-: a bunch! -> 93% solubility - dissolving (more to less) PbSO4, Pb(OH)2, PbCO3, Pb5(PO4)3(Cl), PbS 3.6*10-4 to 8.4*10-15 mol/l 2. structure classification crystal structure = arrangement of atoms in the unit cell <overheads, computer> unit cell = smallest building block of a mineral * anions & cations fit together as a result of sizes (recall balls & Si & O) <ball thing, with tet & octahedral> Silicates: based on polymerization of the silicate tetrahedron polymerization = joining like elemental groups silicate tetrahedron = 1Si & 4O in with Si in center and Os at corners of a tetrahedron (= pyramid) build quartz SiO2 -> feldspars depolymerize -> sheets, chains, single Earth's crust composition feldspars (51%) quartz (12%) pyroxenes (11%) amphiboles (5%) micas (5%) clays (5%) other silicates (3%) 6 nonsilicates (8%) * and Pressure & Temperature conditions thermodynamics phase = a material with specific chemical & physical properties (= some observable or measurable aspect) Phase diagrams vapor C liquid C graphite T diamond P <show models of graphite & diamond> polymorphs = minerals with same chemistry, but different structure 7 3. mineral names * after places: muscovite: used in Muscovy (Old Russia) amosite: asbestos mines of South Africa * on appearance: mica: Latin micare, to shine chrysotile: (Greek for golden fiber) * on chemistry: natrolite * after people: biotite: French Physicist J.B. Biot <4000 minerals & Thesis> 8