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Bell Ringer Read the passage Zarathustra on Good and Evil Answer the following: What assumptions does Zarathustra make about human nature and the capacity of human beings to make morally good choices through free will? Persia, China, and India RELIGIOUS AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS Zoroastrianism • Based on the teachings of Zarathustra ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Little information survives about life Aristocratic family Priest? Left home in search of wisdom Series of Visions • Ahura Mazda ▫ “The Wise Lord” ▫ Chose Zarathustra as prophet • Gathas ▫ Magi (priest), transmitted religion orally ▫ Zarathustra’s hymns in honor of deities • Not strict Monotheist ▫ Ahura Mazda supreme deity ▫ Spoke of six lesser deities • Cosmic Conflict with evil spirit, Angra Mainyu “the destructive spirit” ▫ 12,000 ▫ Good ultimately wins, Evil disappears forever ▫ Humans would then receive reward or punishment Heavenly Paradise Hellish Realm • Material World considered a blessing ▫ Wealth, sexual pleasure, and social prestige ▫ Moderation and Honesty “Good Words, Good Thoughts. Good Deeds” Confucianism Confucius Educator and political advisor Sayings were compiled in the Analects by his disciples No focus on religious issues No focus on philosophical questions No focus on politics Confucian ideas Moral , Ethical, Practical Formation of junzi--"superior individuals“ Key Confucian values Ren--a sense of humanity, kindness, benevolence Li--a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, deference to elders Xiao--filial piety, familial obligation Cultivate personal morality and junzi for bringing order to China Daoism Laozi, Wrote the Daodejing (Classic of the Way and of Virtue) Counterbalance to Confucian activism Pointless to waste time on problems that defied solution Reflection & Introspection, Harmony with nature The Dao--the way of nature An eternal principle governing all the workings of the world Does nothing yet accomplishes everything Humans should be passive Ambition and Activism = chaos Wuwei: Disengagement from worldly affairs, simple life Advocated small, selfsufficient communities Legalism The doctrine of practical and efficient statecraft No ethics and morality No principles governing nature Legalist doctrine Discouraged trade, education, and the arts Strict Laws and Severe Punishment Harsh penalties Amputation of hand/feet for disposing trash in the street If people feared minor infractions then they would not even consider committing large ones. State before Family Not popular, but practical Put end to Period of Warring States Jainism Jainist doctrine and ethics Inspired by the Upanishads: Everything in universe has a soul Nonviolence toward all living things Sweep the ground before walking Avoids going out at night Filtered water Abstains from harsh words Vegean lifestyle (mandatory) Avoid sudden movements Purify one's selfish behavior = state of bliss, breaks incarnation Too demanding, not a practical alternative to the cult of the Brahmans Buddhism Early Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Search for cause of suffering Buddhist doctrine: dharma The Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Suffering is caused by desire Religious goal: personal salvation, or nirvana Appeal of Buddhism Appealed strongly to members of lower castes less demanding than Jainism Hinduism Hindu ethics 1. DHARMA: obedience to religious and moral laws (duty/obligations) 2. ARTHA: pursuit of an honest economic well-being (material status) 3. KAMA: enjoyment of pleasures (sexual pleasures) 4. MOKSHA: salvation of the soul Achieve salvation through meeting caste responsibilities The Bhagavad Gita A short poetic work: dialogue between Vishnu and warrior Illustrated expectations of Hinduism and promise of salvation