Download Matter Classification

Matter and Energy
Description
Conservation Laws
Periodic Table
Energy
Revised 5/11/07
Previous Material
• Accuracy &
precision
• Significant
Figures
• SI Units
Length
Mass
Temperature
Mole
• Conversions
within Metric
English-Metric
• Medical Dose
Units
Simple Definitions
• Matter – anything which has mass
and occupies space
• Energy – the ability to do work
• An atom is the smallest particle of an
element that has the chemical
properties of the element.
Copper
atoms on
silica
surface.
Distance across = 1.8 nanometer (1.8 x 10-9 m)
Conservation
• Conservation of
Matter - matter is
neither created
nor destroyed
must account for
all matter during a
reaction
• Conservation of
Energy - energy
is neither created
nor destroyed,
changed from one
form to another
must account for
all energy
Three States of Matter
• Solid – defined shape and volume
• Liquid – adopt shape of container
and defined volume
• Gas – adopt shape and volume of
container
(pages 55 – 57, table 2.7, textbook)
Matter Classification
Description of Matter
Matter
Heterogenous
(mixtures)
Homogenous
Pure Substances
Elements
Compounds
Solutions
Matter Classification
Element
„
„
Pure substance that cannot be
decomposed any further by ordinary
means
About 115 elements listed on Periodic
Table
metals, non-metals, metalloids,
atomic number, atomic symbol
Long Form-Periodic Table
Periodic Table
„
„
Dmitri Mendeleev developed the
modern periodic table. Argued that
element properties are periodic
functions of their atomic weights.
We now know that element
properties are periodic functions of
their ATOMIC NUMBERS.
p.79a
p.79b
Regions of the Periodic Table
Group 1A: Alkali Metals
Li, Na, K, Rb
, Cs
Rb,
Cutting sodium metal
Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Magnesium
Magnesium
oxide
Group 7A: Halogens
F, Cl
Cl,, Br, I, At
Group 8A: Noble Gases
He, Ne
Ne,, Ar
Ar,, Kr, Xe
Xe,, Rn
Group 6A: O, S, Se, Te, Po
Sulfuric acid dripping
from snot-tite in cave
in Mexico
Elemental S has a ring
structure.
Transition Elements
Lanthanides and actinides
Iron in air gives
iron(III) oxide
Forms of the Elements
„
„
Most are monoatomic – a single atom is the
element, examples: Zn (s), Al (s), Cs (s)
Some are Diatomic – two atoms bound
together form the element (not single atom
shown of Periodic Table)
H2 (g); N2 (g); O2 (g); F2 (g); Cl2 (g);
Br2 (l); I2 (s);
Periodic Trends
„
Properties of elements
that may be predicted
by relative position on
Periodic Table
„
„
„
„
Metal Character
Atomic Size
Ionization Energy
Electronegativity
See: Pages 99-101,
textbook
Atomic Size
Compound
„
Pure substance composed of two or more
elements bonded together in a definite ratio by
weight.
Identified by a unique set of physical and
chemical properties.
H2O and H2O2
Na2CrO4 and Na2Cr2O7
Compounds
„
Same three component elements – Na, Cr,
but different weight ratios
Na2CrO4
Na2Cr2O7
Comparison of Physical Properties
Water and Hydrogen Peroxide
Water
Hydrogen
peroxide
Melting point °C
0.0
-2
Boiling point °C
100
158
Density, g/mL
1.0
1.46
Terms for Matter
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
Mixture
Solution
Physical process
Chemical process
•
•
•
•
•
•
Element
Compound
Atom
Period
Family
Metal
Classification of Energy
(pages 40 –41, textbook)
Description of Energy
Energy
Potential
Kinetic
(position or stored)
(motion)
Forms of Energy
Energy
Heat
Light
Electricity
ENERGY is the capacity
to do work or transfer
heat.
HEAT is the form of
energy that flows
between 2 objects
because of their
difference in temperature.
Other forms of energy —
•light
•electrical
•kinetic and potential
Gravitational Potential Energy:
E = mgh
h = height
g = * 9.82 m/s2
m = mass
* On Earth
Potential Energy
Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position––There are
several forms of potential energy.
Chemical Energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and
molecules. It is the energy that holds these particles together. Biomass,
petroleum, natural gas, and propane are examples of stored chemical
energy.
Stored Mechanical Energy is energy stored in objects by the
application of a force. Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands
are examples of stored mechanical energy.
Nuclear Energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom––the
energy that holds the nucleus together. The energy can be released
when the nuclei are combined or split apart. Nuclear power plants split
the nuclei of uranium atoms in a process called fission. The sun
combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in a process called fusion.
Scientists are working on creating fusion energy on earth, so that
someday there might be fusion power plants.
Gravitational Energy is the energy of position or place. A rock
resting at the top of a hill contains gravitational potential energy.
Hydropower, such as water in a reservoir behind a dam, is an example
of gravitational potential energy.
Kinetic Energy
E = 1/2 mv2
E = energy (Joules)
m = mass (kilograms)
v = speed (meters/sec.)
Marion Jones Sprints to Victory in the 200 meter.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is motion––of waves, electrons, atoms,
molecules, substances, and objects.
Electrical Energy is the movement of electrical charges.
Electrical charges moving through a wire is called
electricity. Radiant Energy is electromagnetic energy
that travels in transverse waves. Radiant energy includes
visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Light is
one type of radiant energy. Thermal Energy, or heat, is
the internal energy in substances––the vibration and
movement of the atoms and molecules within substances.
Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy.
Motion Energy is the movement of objects and substances
from one place to another. Wind is an example of motion
energy.
Terms for Energy
•
•
•
•
•
Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Heat
Light
•
•
•
•
Temperature
Specific Heat
calorie, cal
Wave length