Download Grammar - PrepWOC

Grammar:
A Way to think about language
4 Level Analysis:

Level 1: Parts of Speech

Level 2: Parts of the sentence

Level 3: Phrases

Level 4: Clauses
There are 8 parts of speech

Noun

Pronoun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Conjunction

Preposition

Interjection
Nouns:

A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea

They can be PROPER

This means they are capitalized and
specific.

Examples: Prospect High School, Mrs.
Joiner, The Bears, Macs, I Pods, etc.
More Nouns:

They can be COMMON:

EXAMPLES: school, woman, food, radio,
tree, dog

ABSTRACT NOUNS ARE IDEAS AND
FEELINGS

EXAMPLES: love, hate, war, beauty,
anger, embarrassment, happiness

CONCRETE NOUNS ARE TANGIBLE.

Desk, chair, dog, cat, tree, person,
coffee
STOP AND PRACTICE!
Underline the nouns! Identify
them as Proper or Common.

1. Eggworthy and Pennyworth both hate
doing homework.

Pennyworth prefers riding a unicycle around
the neighborhood while wearing a red cape.

Eggworthy would rather cook empanandas
for his family that is visiting from Chile.

Teachers at Prospect High School wish they
could get the boys to turn their work in.
Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a
noun

The Noun that is replaced by the pronoun is
the antecedent.

There isn’t always an antecedent

EX. Mrs. Joiner worked at her desk.

Mrs. Joiner is the antecedent for the
PRONOUN her.
COMMON SUBJECT
PRONOUNS

These pronouns will always act as the
SUBJECT of the sentence:

I

You

HE SHE IT

WE

YOU

THEY

These words will act as the subject of the
sentence.
COMMON OBJECT
PRONOUNS

ME

YOU

HIM HER IT

US

YOU THEM

These words will act as direct objects,
indirect objects, or subject complements
Other common PRONOUNS
to learn

Me

I

You

Our

Who

Whom

Their

Mine

My
Stop and Practice! Underline
the pronoun and Circle its
antecedent

1. Eggworthy ate all of his food and my food
too.

Prunella bit Eggworthy on his hand.

Because Eggworthy bit Prunella, she felt it
would be okay to pinch his arm to get
revenge.

They made up and decided to eat doughnuts
and cakes for most of the night.

Both Eggworthy and Prunella felt better in
the morning, but they didn’t want breakfast.
VERBS: Action and Linking

A VERB shows


Action

If it is a LINKING VERB, it links the
subject of the sentence to its subject
complement.
State of being
ACTION VERBS!

Action verbs show ACTION

You probably can imagine these verbs
happening!

Examples: Throw, yell, smile, create, jump,
run, walk, trip

EX. I walked around the classroom

Walked is the action verb
Linking Verbs

Linking verbs link a subject to its
complement and tend to suggest state of
being or feelings.

EX. I am happy

Am is a linking verb that links the subject “I”
to the adjective “happy”.
Linking Verbs to Memorize!

Am

Is

Was

Were

Be

Being

Been

Seems

Becomes

Appears
STOP AND PRACTICE!
Circle the action verbs,
underline the linking verbs

Ludwig and Ludmilla absolutely love the
weather.

Eggworthy ate fifteen buttery empanadas.

Pennyworth is angry with Eggworthy
because he ate them all.

It is gorgeous in the fall.

The milk turned bad about a week ago;
Eggworthy drank it anyways.

Prunella swept the dusty floor.
ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are words that MODIFY(describe)
nouns or pronouns.

They answer these THREE QUESTIONS:

WHAT KIND?

WHICH ONE?

HOW MANY?
STOP AND PRACTICE!
Circle the adjectives.

Eggworthy ate fifteen syrupy pancakes.

Because it was raining, Pennyworth’s hair
was stringy and wet.

The bog was dark and foggy.

Lazy Ludmilla and loud Ludwig were
annoying neighbors.

HINT: A, AN, and THE are always
ADJECTIVES!!!!
ADVERBS

Adverbs are words that modify
 Verbs
 Adjectives
 Adverbs

Adverbs answer these questions:
 How?
 When?
 Where?
 Why?
 To what extent?
 Under what conditions?
Adverbs

Adverbs are like kisses. If you give out too
many, they won’t mean anything!

EX. I had a really really really fun time.

9 times out of 10, adverbs will end in –LY

EX. Slowly, quickly, interestingly

Common Adverbs that don’t follow that rule:

Well, too, very, then, always, never, so,
super
Stop and Practice! Underline
the adverbs.

Eggworthy, you should never swim alone!

Pennyworth thought that class was very
boring and too long.

Prunella should arrive on Saturday.

Ludmilla stacked the books neatly

Eggworthy ad Prunella merrily hummed a
tune while completing their chores.

Pennyworth lazily swam in a circle while
waiting for his sister.
Conjunctions

CON means together

JUNCT means join

CONJUNCTIONS are words that join two
words or two groups of words.
Conjunctions holding together
two or more nouns:

He ate eggs AND ham.

I’ll get a cat, a dog, AND a snake.
Conjunctions holding together
two or more verbs, adverbs,
adjectives, or independent
clauses

VERBS:

I’ll run AND jump.

You can sink OR swim.

ADV. And ADJ.

The woods are lovely, dark, AND deep

You need to walk quickly AND quietly

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

I will go with him to the sore, AND we will
buy groceries.
MEMOMORIZE THIS!

The 7 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

FANBOYS

F-FOR

A-AND

N-NOR

B-BUT

0-OR

Y-YET

S-S0
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS LINK
THE LESS IMPORTANT PART TO THE MORE
IMPORTANT PART.

WASBIT

W-WHILE

A-AS

S-SINCE

B-BECAUSE

I-IF

T-THOUGH
MORE SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS TO
MEMORIZE!

After

While

As if

Although

Because

As long as

Even though

Before

In order that

If

Rather than

Now that

That

Since

Until

Though

Where

When
And more….

Whereas

Statements that begin with
subordinating conjunctions cannot
BE SENTENCES. The must be
attached to INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES.

As

As though

Even if

If only

EX. IF I went to the party

Once


If if went to the party, I would have
fun
Than

As the night grew dark

As the night grew dark, we turned
on the lights.

Unless

Whenever

Wherever
Stop and Practice! Underline
the Coordinating
Conjunctions.

I went to the store, and I bought milk.

Eggworthy grinned and laughed when he
hear the good news

It doesn’t matter if Prunella sings, or if
Eggworthy dances.

I will go to the party, but I will not bring
Ludmilla.
Stop and Practice! Underline
the subordinating
conjunctions.

If you bring me dinner, I will clean the
dishes.

As I walk to the store, be sure to clean the
house.

Since I will arrive first, move the other cars
from the driveway

NOW LOOK FOR BOTH

If I get dinner, please clean the dishes, but
don’t use the dishwasher.
Prepositions

A word that shows the relationship
between its object and another word in
the sentence.
-
show relationships of time (before, during,
after)
-
Show relationships of space (in, on, beside,
around)
-
Show relationships of directions (to, from,
toward)

Somewhere over the rainbow. . .
PREPOSITIONS!

Prepositions show where things are
located, compared to each other.

The book is on the desk; the bag is
underneath it.




The file is in the computer!
Prepositions give language geometry.
The cylinder is inside the cube.
The crash was before the boom.
PREPOSITIONS!

Notice that prepositions are small and
common, but powerful. To use the wrong
preposition is to completely alter the
meaning of an idea.


There is a $1,000 check for you.
There is a $1,000 check from you.
PREPOSITIONS!

Never end a sentence with a
preposition??

Well, we used to say that. We still
disapprove of sentences like “Where are
you at?” because the meaning of the
preposition is incomplete.
Correction: “Where are you, at home?”

In other cases, most people consider a
concluding preposition okay.
“Who is that present for?” should
technically be “For whom is this present?”
but it sounds stuffy and inappropriately
formal.
PREPOSITIONS AND THE
BOX

YOU COULD BE …

OVER a box

NEAR a box

BY a box

FROM a box

FOR a box

NEXT TO a box

UNDER a box

OVER a box
INTERJECTIONS!
A word that shows emotion but has no
grammatical function.
JECT means throw
INTER means between
They do not join, or modify, or show
relationships, or replace; they just throw
(JECT) and exclamation in between
(INTER) words in a sentence.
Examples:
oh, ugh, wow, yes, no, oops, yeah
LEVEL 1: Parts of Speech
SPEEDY REVIEW:
1)
Noun: name of a person, place, thing, or idea
2)
Pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun
o
Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
o
Object pronouns, me, you, him, her, it, us, them
3)
Verb: a word that shows action, being, or links a subject to its
subject compliment
4)
Adjective: a word that modifies a noun or pronoun
1) Articles: a, an, the
5)
Adverb: a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb
6)
Preposition: shows the relationship between its object and another
word in the sentence
7)
Conjunction: a word that joins two words or two groups of words
8)
Interjection: shows emotion but has no grammatical function