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Download AP Biology, Chapter 49 Nervous Systems Command and Control
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AP Biology, Chapter 49 Nervous Systems Command and Control Center 49.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells Intro 1. Contrast the organization of nervous systems across Animalia. Cnidarians: nerve net with no ganglia Echinoderms: nerve ring Bilateria Brain and sense organs at anterior = cephalization Adapted for locomotion and more complex behavior Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System 2. List the basic elements of a reflex arc in the order they operate. Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector 3. Describe the development of the nervous system in vertebrates. Dorsal ectodermal ridges form Fuse to form the neural tube Neural crest cells form under the ectodermal ridges Migrate to form nerve pathways and sense organs 4. Contrast gray matter and white matter. Gray: unmyelinated; cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells White: myelinated, axon tracts Glia 5. Contrast the functions of glial cell types. Oligodendrites and Swann cells myelinate Ependymal cells circulate cerebrospinal fluid Astrocytes Modulate synaptic activity Control blood flow Regulate cerebrospinal fluid chemistry Microglia provide immunity The Peripheral Nervous System 6. Contrast the components of the peripheral nervous system. Sensory: receptors afferent neurons Efferent neurons Motor stimulate skeletal muscle Autonomic Sympathetic (“fight or flight”) Parasympathetic (coordinated relaxation) Enteric (digestive regulation) 49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized Intro 7. Contrast the important functions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem. Cerebrum: controls skeletal muscles, conscious functioning Cerebellum: coordinates movement and balance Diencephalon: sorts sensory inputs; regulates hunger, thirst, arousal Brainstem: autonomic controls including breathing, blood pressure Arousal and Sleep Biological Clock Regulation Emotions 49.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions Intro Language and Speech 8. How have particular functions been mapped to specific brain areas? Correlation with injury, stroke, tumor Examples Broca’s area controls speaking Wernicke’s area is required for understanding speech Lateralization of Cortical Function 9. Describe evidence of the lateralization of cerebral cortical function. Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are on one side Brain scans show asymmetric activity Cutting the corpus callosum limits sharing of information Information Processing 10. Differentiate the sensory and motor areas of the cerebral lobes. Sensory Occipital: visual Temporal: auditory Anterior parietal: sensory body map Motor Posterior frontal: motor body map Frontal: decision making, planning, socialization Frontal Lobe Function Evolution of Cognition in Vertebrates 49.4 Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning Intro 11. What processes dominate the development and remodeling of the nervous system? Competition Limited amounts of growth factors Neurons that don’t migrate and get enough will undergo apoptosis Synapse elimination Lose half by the end of embryonic development Activity stabilizes some, destabilizes others Neural Plasticity 12. How are neural connections plastic after birth? High activity increases the number of synaptic terminals on a axon Simultaneous stimulation increases responses at synapses Memory and Learning 13. How is the hippocampus involved in processing memories? Long-term and short-term involve information stored in the cerebral cortex Role of hippocampus Short-term: hippocampus provides temporary links Long-term: permanent links form in cerebral cortex Injury: no new long-term memories form Long-Term Potentiation 14. What changes in post-synaptic membranes may be involved in memory? New combinations of stimuli alter number and types of receptors Stem cells in the Brain 15. Describe the role of neural stem cells in learning. Neural stem cells divided and migrate Especially into the hippocampus 49.5 Many nervous system disorders can be explained in molecular terms Intro Schizophrenia 16. What evidence implicates specific neuronal pathways in schizophrenia? Dopamine Amphetamines increase dopamine release, mimic symptoms Drugs blocking dopamine receptors alleviate symptoms Glutamate: PCP blocks glutamate receptors, mimics symptoms Depression 17. What evidence implicates a specific neuronal pathway in depression? Alleviating drugs increase biogenic amines Drug Addiction and the Brain’s Reward System 18. How do addictive drugs affect the brain’s reward system? Enhance the activity of the dopamine pathway Long term changes Neural plasticity(?): increase synapses and strengthened responses Long-term potentiation (?): more and new types of receptors Alzheimer’s Disease 19. Describe molecular changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid plaques Cleaved from a surface membrane protein Accumulation leads to death of surrounding neurons Neurofibrillary tangles Tau protein accumulation within neurons Triggered by amyloid? Parkinson’s Disease 20. How may Parkinson’s disease be treated? L-dopa to replace lost dopamine secretion Future: neuron/stem cell implants to replace dopamine-secreting cells
