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Biology, Chapter 14 The History of Life 14.1 The Record of Life Early History of Earth 1. What evidence indicates a common origin for the entire solar system? a. Rotating disk shape: solar nebula was rotating b. Common age dating from the age of the Sun c. Terrestrial planets inner, Jovian outer i. Metals and their oxides condense at a higher temperature nearer the Sun ii. Jovian planets are still hot because of their large heat of formation d. Asteroids, comets, and meteors may be leftovers from formation History in Rocks Intro Fossils - Clues to the past 2. Summarize the story told in the fossil record. a. Deeper fossils are older and less complex b. Shallower fossils are younger and more complex Paleontologists - Detectives to the past 3. How is paleontology related to forensic science? a. Identification of remains b. Age/how long where found c. Personal characteristics/lifestyle environment Fossil formation Relative dating 4. Differentiate relative and radiometric dating. a. Relative: deeper is older, shallower is younger (= superposition) Radiometric dating b. Radiometric gives absolute date in years i. Measure radioactive isotope and its decay product ii. Use half-life to calculate when the sample began to decay c. Examples i. Potassium-40 argon-40; half-life = 1.3 billion years ii. Carbon-14 nitrogen-14; half-life = 5730 years A Trip Through Geologic Time Intro The geologic time scale 5. Summarize the timeline of the universe and life on Earth. a. Universe began expanding 13.7 bya b. Sun ignited 5 bya c. Earth formed 4.6 bya d. Oldest fossils 3.5 bya e. Photosynthesis + oxygen atmosphere 2.6 bya f. Fossil eukaryotes 2.1 bya g. Fossil multicellular organisms 1.4 bya Life during the Precambrian Diversity during the Paleozoic Life in the Mesozoic A mass extinction Changes during the Mesozoic The Cenozoic Era 14.2 The Origin of Life Origins: The Early Ideas Intro Spontaneous generation is disproved Pasteur's experiments 6. How did Pasteur disprove the existence of a vital force in the air? a. Spontaneous generation = living things from non-living i. Like meat maggots ii. Life force of the maggots thought to be present in meat iii. Life force of microorganisms thought to be in air b. Pasteur's experiment i. Sterilized broth in straight-necked flasks prutified ii. Sterilized broth in S-shaped neck flasks stayed sterile iii. Both were open to the air iv. If there was a life force it could have gotten in Origins: The Modern Ideas Intro Simple organic molecules formed 7. Describe the Miller-Urey experiment. a. Simulated conditions on the early Earth b. Parts i. H2, CH4, NH3, H20 = atmosphere ii. Liquid water = ocean iii. Sparks = lightning c. Results: made amino acids and sugars 8. Define the physical and functional minimum for sustainable reproduction. a. A molecule that can catalyze its own copying 9. Describe the missing link between a self-copying molecule and the central dogma of molecular biology (DNA ==> RNA ==> Protein.) a. Ribozymes = RNA molecules which catalyze their own maintenance b. Discovered in the 1980s, included in the newest Biology texts The formation of protocells The Evolution of Cells Intro The first true cells 10. What is the evidence that the first organisms were anaerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes? a. Anaerobic: no oxygen in the atmosphere at first b. Heterotrophic i. Autotrophy is complex, evolved later ii. Plenty of energy-rich molecules in the puddles c. Prokaryote: simplest cells Photosynthesizing prokaryotes The endosymbiont theory 11. Describe evidence for the endosymbiont theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. a. Theory: eukaryotes evolved by close symbiosis with prokaryotes b. Process i. Mutualistic associations in mixed communities ii. One prokaryotes engulfs another for closer cooperation iii. Engulfed member simplifies iv. First endosymbionts became mitochondria v. Next endosymbionts became chloroplasts c. Evidence i. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular chromosomes like prokaryotes ii. They have prokaryote type ribosomes iii. They reproduce independently of the cell