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AP Biology Ecology Unit Chapters 50 - 54…55 Ch. 50 Review Unit has separate ppt. You should know/understand: – Scope of ecology is huge, it encompasses chemistry, biology, geology and evolution ( adaptations, natural selection, mutations/rates, etc) – Living organisms are interconnected and connected to their environments – The environment has living and nonliving components 50 continued Climate – The longer term, prevailing weather patterns. – Earth has perfect conditions for life ( as we know it) to exist – Biomes, and their vegetation are defined by the climate – Oceans (position, volume, temperature) are responsible for air and water currents global weather. Biomes Terrestrial Ecosystems – – – – – – – – – – Tropical rain forests Temperate rain forests Savanna Desert Chaparral Temp. grassland Temp.deciduous forests Coniferous forests Tundra Taiga Aquatic Ecosystems – Marine (salt) Intertidal Coral reef Open ocean Benthos – Freshwater Oligotrophic lake Eutrophic lake Mesotrophic lake Wetland River/ stream estuary 50 – last review Principle of Allocation – Finite amount of energy (calories) to accomplish all life processes – These resources must be divided up to meet needs of the individual species Do you invest a lot in growth or in nest building? Are your flowers showy or do you have many seeds? Regulators vs. conformers Ch. 51 – Behavioral Biology Bird species find mates and defend territories with specific songs – how do they “know” how to do this…. Are behaviors genetic and how have they evolved? Much of behavior is “act-reaction”, some behaviors also appear to be learned. – Some components are physiological and therefore obviously genetic – Other behaviors lend themselves to questions such as ‘why did ancestral species start doing this’ – ‘ how do they know?’ Human Context Recent discoveries of “genes for” depression, alcoholism and violence Chemistry within cells and chemistry of environment while egg is developing and interactions of chemistry involved in nervous system…. All interrelated “Research into heritability (of behavior) is the best demonstration I know of the importance of environment. They (genes and nongenetic environmental factors) build on each other” – Robert Plomin, Pennsylvania State University Ethology – study of behaviors Innate – born with Developmentally fixed – all individuals have regardless of their environment – All new birds open mouth and cheep – Range of innate behaviors See bird pictures Adaptive nature of behavior Fixed action pattern – behavior that is unchangeable Triggered by sign stimulus Examples – Pine cones = nest – Red = aggression Evolution of behaviors Having a larger repertoire – increases your fitness – See – Hear – forage Learning Modification of behavior based on prior experiences – Language; ability to learn a language is innate (genetic) – Which language (or song bird dialect0 you learn depends on environment and exposure Innate behaviors can also be expressed because of maturation Habituation – loss of response if stimulus has no information Imprinting Learning is limited to a specific time period in the animals life and is generally irreversible Critical period – Imprinting of geese – Song bird repertoire Learning associated with stimuli Associative learning – Learn to associate one behavior with another behavior Classical conditioning – Pavlov’s dogs = hear bell get food, learn to salivate at sound of bell Operant conditioning – Trial and error/ reward and punishment – Skinner’s rat box Play – Animals often play, with the goal of learning to associate a behavior with a result. – Cats playing “tackle” are learning to hunt – Can potentially be dangerous results to “horsing around” – May be more adaptive in terms of building muscle strength and coordination Cognition Ability of the nervous system to perceive, process and store information gathered by the senses. – Problem solving of birds and chimps – Sophisticated behaviors – Dogs catching Frisbees – Kinesis (rate of behavior) Taxis (movement to or from stimulus) – Migration; regular/ predictable movement over long distances Social Behavior William Hamilton and E.O. Wilson Agonistic; threatening and submissive Ritual; symbolic activity Dominance hierarchy; pecking order Territoriality; establish and defend Courtship; displays and parental investment Mating systems; promiscuous, monogamous, polygamous Social Behavior Altruism Animals usually act in ways that minimize competition and are therefore “selfish” Altruistic behaviors actually reduce your individual fitness to benefit the group. – Sterile worker bees – Sentry prairie dogs “help your kin” Inclusive fitness = total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes and aiding close relatives Coefficient of relatedness = altruism seems proportional to percentage of genes that are similar between an individual and its relatives…. Helping gene pool if aid a cousin – Seen in colonial animals Reciprocal altruism – The favor is usually returned in social animals, so is there really any true altruism??? Ch. 52 – Population Ecology Population is all the organisms of the same species that simultaneously occupy the same general area. Human population explosion Demography is the study of factors that affect the growth and decline of populations Biodemography relates to factors that influence the distribution of a species over its range. Density individuals per unit volume Dispersion pattern of space between individuals – Clumped; schooling fish – Uniform; each bird as a certain territory – Random; trees in the forest Demography Age structure- results from coexistence of generations, are male and female ratios consistent? Is percentage surviving in each generation consistent? Birthrate – also called fecundity, number of offspring per time. Death rate – effected by maturity and predation Life tables, survivorship curves and age structures Diversity of Life Histories PRINCIPLE OF ALLOCATION (again) Number of eggs per nest matches the amount of food parents can expect to find/ number of hatchlings that can be fed. First age of reproduction also varies , what are chances of surviving to be more (biologically) mature at time of mating…. Healthier, better parent Number of reproductions per lifetime – Lots of mice, frequently, all with low survival rates – One spawning per salmon lifetime with millions of eggs – only 1-2 will survive to reproduce Population Growth Models DN/Dt =B–D Change in population size over time = the birth rate – death rate B is absolute births, b is births per capita--- 34 births in population of 1000 is 0.034 Zero population growth is when birth rates and death rates are equal. 2 parents, 2 children to replace them Population curves Logistic – Increases then levels off – Idea of carrying capacity Exponential – Point in time when a population is increasing exponentially – Bacterial growth – Invasive species without predator Population Limiting Factors Intraspecific competition – individuals rely on the same resources Density dependent factors – Food, habitat, territory, predation, disease, toxins Density independent factors – Early frost, natural disaster like flood, fire or tornado Mixed situations – Colder temps and a lack of food Boom or bust – Some species have regular cycles of growth and decline Human Population Growth Exponential growth since Plague Over all increase Many countries with actual decreses Age structures vary greatly – CARRYING CAPACITY Limiting factors ???? Ch. 53 – Community Ecology Species richness – how many different species – Oak, maple, hickory, aspen and pine vs. oak and hickory only Relative abundance – Ratio of species to each other – 50:50 oak and hickory or 80:20 Species diversity – Species richness and relative abundance – There are many species and each is well represented = Good Biodiversity Interspecific Interactions Predator – Prey Competition Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Animals – Camouflage – Warning colors – mimicry Plants – – – – Thorns Toxins Taste coloration Niche Ecological niche is defined as the sum total of the organisms use of biotic and abiotic resources – Habitat = address – Niche = occupation Fundamental niche – Resources it could theoretically use Realized niche – Resources it actually uses Resources Competitive exclusion: 2 species with similar requirements won’t live in same area Sympatric species: in same area, must interact Allopatric species: populations in dif. geographic areas Resource partitioning: 2 species use resources in slightly different ways Key stone species: vital to maintaining species richness Succession Succession transition in species composition over time Primary succession start with lifeless soil (volcanic island) Secondary Succession “starting over” after fire or tornado Biogeography Study of why species are found where they are found and why they are successful there. Chapter 54