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Download Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
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Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory The Structure of the Atom Weighing and Counting Atoms Dalton’s Atomic Theory All matter composed of atoms Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and other properties. Atoms of different elements are different. Atoms can’t be created or destroyed. Atoms combine in whole-number ratios in chemical compounds. In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, and rearranged. Law of Multiple Proportions If two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element can be expressed as ratios of small whole numbers. The Structure of the Atom Atomic Structure The Atom identity and arrangement of smaller particles in atoms two main regions Proton located in the nucleus positive charge discovered by Rutherford Neutron located in the nucleus no charge neutrons were used to split the first atom Electron located outside the nucleus in the electron cloud negative charge Millikan discovered the mass and charge The Isotopes of Hydrogen Protium 1 proton 0 neutrons 1 electron Deuterium 1 proton 1 neutron 1 electron Tritium 1 proton 2 neutrons 1 electron Atomic Number: (Z) The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element Mass Number: total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope Nuclide: is a general term for any isotope of any element Isotopes: atoms of the same element with different masses Average Atomic Mass Calculating Average Atomic Mass Average Atomic Mass: weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element Isotope 1 Mass X relative abundance Isotope 2 Mass X relative abundance Isotope 3 Mass X relative abundance Steps for Solving Quantitative Problems Read the problem carefully at least twice. Note any important descriptive terms that add meaning to the problem. Your plan for solving a problem should show how the information given in the problem is used to find a solution. Substitute the data and conversion factors into your plan from Step 2. Always look back at your answer to determine if it is reasonable. Divide by 6.02x1023 Divide by molar mass Mass Multiply by molar mass Mole Particle Multiply by 6.02x1023 The End
