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EVIDENCE PLANNER PERIOD: 4 [1800 – 1848] Thematic Learning Objective: NAT 2.0 Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society. Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. The nation’s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. I. A) In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. NAT 4.0 Analyze relationships among different, regional, social, ethnic and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity. EVIDENCE: B) Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. POL 1.0 Explain how and why political ideas, beliefs, institutions, party systems, and alignments have developed and changed. WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues. EVIDENCE: C) By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose — the Democrats, led, by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay — that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. EVIDENCE: D) Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders’ positions on slavery and economic policy. EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE PLANNER PERIOD: 4 [1800 – 1848] Thematic Learning Objective: NAT 4.0 Analyze relationships among different, regional, social, ethnic and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity. CUL 1.0: Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American Society and political life. Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. II. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. A) The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements. EVIDENCE: CUL 2.0: Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have shaped society and institutions. B) A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. EVIDENCE: CUL 4.0: Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time. C) Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. EVIDENCE: D) Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE PLANNER PERIOD: 4 [1800 -1848] Thematic Learning Objective: NAT 1.0 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American Identity. Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. III. Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. A) Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts. POL 2.0 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American Society and institutions. EVIDENCE: CUL 3.0 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics. B) Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans’ rights. Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions. EVIDENCE: C) A women’s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE PLANNER PERIOD: 4 [1800 -1848] Thematic Learning Objective: POL 3.0 Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and policies. Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities. I. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues. A) Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. EVIDENCE: WXT 3.0 Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society B) Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. EVIDENCE: C) Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE PLANNER PERIOD: 4 [1800 -1848] Thematic Learning Objective: WXT 1.0: Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. Society. Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities. II. The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers’ lives, and gender and family relations. A) Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets. EVIDENCE: CUL 3.0: Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics CUL 4.0: Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time. B) The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor. EVIDENCE: C) Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE PLANNER PERIOD: 4 [1800 -1848] Thematic Learning Objective: POL 3.0 Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and policies. Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities. III. Economic WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues. MIG 1.0 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U. S. Society. development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. A) Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. EVIDENCE: MIG 2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life. B) Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. EVIDENCE: C) Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity. EVIDENCE: D) Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country. EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE PLANNER PERIOD: 4 [1800 -1848] Thematic Learning Objective: Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest MIG 2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life. in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives. I. Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade. A) Following the Louisiana Purchase, the United States government sought influence and control over North America and the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including exploration, military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine. WOR 1.0 Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America. EVIDENCE: WOR 2.0 Analyze the reasons for, and results of, U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas. B) Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations. EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE PLANNER PERIOD: 4 [1800 -1848] Thematic Learning Objective: POL 2.0 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American Society and institutions. Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives. II. The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories. A) As over-cultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow. WXT 1.0: Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. Society. CUL 4.0: Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time. EVIDENCE: B) Antislavery efforts increased in the North, while in the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. EVIDENCE: GEO 1.0 Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies. C) Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery. EVIDENCE: PERIOD 4: 1800-1848 - Overview Summary After the peaceful transfer of political power following the 1800 election, the new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes. In 1826, in the midst of the years covered in this period, the young nation celebrated its 50th birthday with great optimism. The founders of the country were passing on and leadership had passed to a new generation. The United States developed the world’s first modern mass democracy, a new national culture, and a growing market economy. However, sectional interests began to clash, as slavery, wealth disparities, reform efforts, and foreign relations issues threatened to challenge the nation’s ideals moving into the Antebellum Era. Beginning = Election of Thomas Jefferson (Rise of the Democratic- Republicans) in 1800 & Peaceful transition of power [Revolution of 1800] from Federalists to DemocraticRepublicans. What do I need to know? 1. Why REGIONAL IDENTITIES arose between North, South, and West and how the MARKET REVOLUTION affected each region. a. Examples: Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, Transportation Revolution (Steamboats, National Road, etc.), immigration and nativism, early factory system, support/opposition to slavery 2. How American society became more DEMOCRATIC (for white men) in the Jacksonian Age and how various social movements attempted to improve society. a. Examples: Second Great Awakening, Abolitionist Movement, Temperance, Seneca Falls Conference, Utopian Communities, Transcendentalism, Public Education, Jackson’s actions as president (Indian Removal, Death of B.U.S., etc.) 3. Reasons for Growth of POLITICAL PARTIES a. Examples: First Party System (Republicans and Federalists) changes to Second Party System (Democrats and Whigs), Loose vs Strict interpretation of Constitution, Anti-‐Jacksonians become Whigs, various third parties arose 4. The rise of the SLAVERY issue, and how slavery divided the country economically, socially, and politically beginning of SECTIONALISM a. Examples: American System, Tariff of Abominations, B.U.S., Missouri Compromise, Gag Rule 5. How States challenged FEDERAL authority, supremacy of federal government over the states a. Examples: Hartford Convention, Nullification Crisis, Marshall Supreme Court, Nullification, Force Act 6. America as a world power…or at least trying to be. =) a. Examples: Barbary Wars, War of 1812, Monroe Doctrine End = Mexican/American War and Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo! 1848! Beginning of Sectionalism Period Perspectives The new republic worked to define itself during a time of rapid demographic, economic, and territorial growth. It increased suffrage; reformed its schools, prisons, and asylums; and developed its own art, literature, and philosophy. These changes took place as a market economy emerged and people benefited from the addition of fertile land farther west and advances in industry and transportation everywhere. The country focused on expanding its borders and trade while avoiding European entanglements. Alternate View While this period saw growth, the United States also experienced increased conflict with American Indians and its neighbors. Many of the immigrants attracted by new opportunities also found prejudice and discrimination. Rights for the common man excluded American Indians, African Americans, and women. Efforts to improve life succeeded for many but not those enslaved. Landmarks in the institution of slavery came earlier, with the development of the cotton gin in 1793 and the end of the importation of enslaved Africans in 1808. Others came later, such as the Compromise of 1850. PERIOD 4: 1800-1848 - Main Themes Themes National Identity Work, Exchange, and Technology Migration and Settlement Politics and Power America in the World Geography and Environment Culture and Society Applied to this period - American Identity separate from Europe – Romanticism, Transcendentalism, Second Great Awakening, Prison and Education reform, Utopian Societies - Democracy is defined – Jacksonian democracy, Abolitionism, and Temperance - America as an independent nation – War of 1812, Monroe Doctrine - Sectionalism vs. Nationalism – Plantation vs. Industrial System - Interstate commerce conflict – state vs. federal power - Industrialism of the North vs. Plantations/Cash crops of the South - Transportation – Canals, Railroads, Toll Roads, American System - Farming technology – cotton gin and Steele plow - Industrial technology – steam engine, sewing machine, spinning jenny, water frame, interchangeable parts - Regional differences (Sectionalism) – political, social (including religious), economic – North vs. South vs. West - Technology – Telegraph and Railroad - Westward expansion – Oregon/Santa Fe Trail, Mormons, Settlement of Texas, Conflict with Mexico, conflict with Indians and Europeans - Slavery in the South – slave trade - Movement of American Indians West – Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears - Early immigration – Irish, Germans (cities, west of Appalachians) - Federal vs State Rights! – MARSHALL-TANEYcourt cases, Nullification, - New Political Parties – Federalists, Democrats, Whigs - Gaining new land and territory expansion – Adams-Onis TREATY, Louisiana Purchase, 54-40 or Fight - Slave vs. Free state states fight for power! – Missouri Compromise - New rules about elections/citizenship – 10-12th amendments - War of 1812 – Impact on America’s role in the world - Mexican American War – Impact on America’s role in the Americas - European vs. American interests in the Americas – 54-40 or Fight!, Adams-Onis Treaty, Oregon trail, Settlement of Texas/Revolution - Western Movement – Frontier is being “civilized” - Industrialization of the North – pollution, urbanization, deforestation - Plantations of the south – deforestation, large scale farming - New ideas about religion – Second Great Awakening, Methodist Church, AME Church, etc. - Equality Movements - Abolition, Temperance, Suffrage - New American Artistic Identity – Romanticism, New dictionary, Transcendentalist writings, American landscape painting.