Download singular - Washington Latin Grade 8

Latin I. Study Guide.
In addition to this study guide, you must know all the vocabulary from chapters
10-14.
Part I. The Declensions.
You should know:
a. How to tell what noun a declension is in. (answer is below)
b. How the cases translate.
c. Why it’s important to know a noun’s gender.
1st Declension (mostly feminine, except if the noun is a profession like ‘sailor’ or ‘poet’).
case
singular
plural
nominative -the/a/ --
a
ae
genitive - of
ae
arum
dative - to/for
ae
is
accusative - the/a/ --
am
as
ablative - by/w/from/in/on
a
is
2nd Declension (masculine and neuter - masculine if us, i, o... neuter if um, i, o...)
case
singular
plural
nominative -the/a/ --
us/um
i/a
genitive - of
i
orum
dative - to/for
o
is
accusative - the/a/ --
um
os/a
ablative - by/w/from/in/on
o
is
3rd Declension (masucline/feminine and neuter - can’t tell the gender by looking at the
noun, unfortunately.) This is the most common declension to which nouns belong.
case
singular
plural
nominative -the/a/ --
---
es/a
genitive - of
is
um
dative - to/for
i
ibus
accusative - the/a/ --
em/--
es/a
ablative - by/w/from/in/on
e
ibus
Practice:
Identify the declension of the following nouns:
1) anxietas, anxietatis
2) inimicus, inimici
3) genus, generis
4) vicotria, victoriae
To tell which declension a noun is in, you need to only look at the genitive singular (the
second word given in the pair).
1) anxietas, anxietatis
2) inimicus, inimici
3) genus, generis
4) vicotria, victoriae
genitive singular endings bolded.
Form the bolded words. This is where I test to see if you know how to use the cases,
know the declension endings, are paying attention to singular vs. plural, and know the
gender of nouns (which will come out when you form the adjective).
We see the evil enemy. (malus, a, um/ inimicus, a, um)
Many kinds of people live in Washington. (multus, a, um / genus, generis
(n) )
I take medication for bad anxiety. (malus, a, um / anxietas, anxietatis (f) )
Part II. Ego/Tu/Nos/Vos
case
ego (I)
nom
ego (I)
gen
mei (of me)
dat
mihi (to/for me)
acc
me (me)
abl
me (by/w/from
me)
case
Tu (you)
nom
tu (you)
gen
tui (of you)
dat
tibi (to/for you)
acc
te (you)
abl
te (by/w/from you)
case
nos (we/us)
nom
nos (we/us)
gen
nostri (of us)
dat
nobis (to/for us)
acc
nos (we/us)
abl
nobis (by/w/from
us)
case
vos (you all)
nom
vos (you all)
gen
vestri (of you all)
dat
vobis (to/for you
all)
acc
vos (you all)
abl
vobis (by/w/from
you all)
Practice:
Part III. Verbs.
You must know the following:
1st person singular = I
1st person plural = we
2nd person singular = you
2nd person plural = you all
3rd person singular = he, she, or it.
3rd person plural = they
Identify the person and number of the following verbs:
‘You all love’
‘we overcome’
‘I smile’
‘You climb’
‘She hits’
You need to know that when you look up a verb in your book like ‘colo, colere’ that:
‘colo’ is referred to as the 1st principal part. This is the first person, singular of the verb
(I worship). You also need to know that the second word ‘colere’ is known as the
second principal part or ‘the infinitive.’ This form of the verb translates as ‘to something’
and in ‘to worship’.
Each principal part will be used for different purposes. That is why you must know both
when learning vocabulary.
Part IV. The present tense
To say that something is happening right now (I love, you hate, we kill, they save) a
verb will have present tense endings. The endings are:
singular
plural
1st person
o-I
mus - we
2nd person
s - you
tis - y’all
3rd person
t -he/she/it
nt - they
Part IV. The future Tense
To say that something will happen in the future (I will love, you will hate, we will kill, they
will save) a verb will have future tense endings. The endings are:
singular
plural
1st person
bo - I will
bimus - we will
2nd person
bis - you will
bitis - y’all will
3rd person
bit - s/he, it will
bunt - they will
Notice that these endings are very similar to the present tense (in that they end in o, s, t,
mus, tis, nt). b, bi, and bu have only been added to the front.
To form the future, you go to the 2nd principal part of the verb, remove the ‘re’ then add
your endings.
It might help you to remember the future tense endings because in the future you are
‘bout’ to do something.
Part V. The imperfect Tense.
To say that something was happening in the past (I was loving, you were hating, we
were killing, they were saving), a verb will have imperfect tense endings. The endings
are:
singular
plural
1st person
bam
bamus
2nd person
bas
batis
3rd person
bat
bant
Notice that ‘ba’ is before the endings you are familiar with ‘m, s, t, mus, tis, nt’. It might
help to remember that ‘ba’ is used for the imperfect because everything in the imperfect
was happening back in the day.
To form the imperfect, you go to the 2nd principal part of the verb, remove the ‘re’ then
add your endings.
Verb practice: Identify the tense, person, and number of the following verbs. Then
translate. (remember, work right to left to make things easier on yourself).
1. colebamus
2. stabis
3. ostendit
4. stant
5. aedificabant
6. stat
7. placebunt
Form the following bolded words:
I was attacking the enemy. (peto, petere)
You were holding my hands. (teneo, tenere)
You will envy my new car (invideo, invidere)
they hold the world record
I will wake up early in the morning. (evigilo, evigilare)
You wake me up every morning (excito, excitare)
Part V. Irregular Verbs:
The verb ‘to be.’ sum, esse
person
singular
plural
1st
sum - i am
sumus - we are
2nd
es - you are
estis - y’all are
3rd
est -s/he, it is
sunt - they are
The verb to be is irregular in that the base changes from person to person. The
endings, however, are normal (m,s,t, mus, tis, nt).
The verb to be is different from other verbs you have learned in that it does not
take a direct object (not followed by an accusative). Instead, it is followed by a
nominative.
For example:
I love food. Ego amo cibum
In the above example ‘ego’, the nominative, is the subject (performing the action)
of the verb ‘amo’. ‘amo’ is taking the direct object (acting upon) the noun ‘cibum.’
That’s why ‘cibum’ has been put into the accusative.
If somehow the food could talk it would say:
I am food. Ego sum cibus.
In this example ‘ego’ is the nominative and so is the doer of the verb ‘sum.’
However, the verb ‘to be’ (sum) doesn’t act like normal verbs, and the thing that
‘ego’ is in this sentence (food) goes into the nominative ‘cibus’.
The verb ‘to be able.’ possum, posse
person
singular
plural
1st
possum - i am able
possumus - we are able
2nd
potes - you are able
potestis - y’all are able
3rd
potest -s/he, it is able
possunt - they are able
The verb ‘to be able’ is simple the the adjective ‘potis’ meaning ‘able’ attached to
the verb ‘sum, esse’. So if you already know sum, es, est... you can easily form
this verb. You either attach ‘pos’ or ‘pot’ before ‘sum, es, est...’ Saying the rhyme
‘S, p-o-S, E, p-o-T’ can help you remember which to add.
The verb possum, posse will most often be followed by an infinitive:
I am able to see you creepin.
possum videre...
We are able to love one another.
possumus amare...
Practice.
Form the following setences into Latin:
We are soldiers.
You are a goddess.
I am king.
We are able to worship.
You are able to see me.
They are able to show the temple to me.