Download Minerals

Student Name________________________
Chapter 2 Minerals Learning Objectives Sheet & learning packet Geology Fall
EQ- Is that real?
□ Read all of chapter 2
□ Complete the attached packet, and all activities in class
□ Give a 10 minute presentation on a favorite mineral
Study guide: What you should know and be able to do.

Name the five characteristics of every mineral.

List three types of chemical bonds and state the properties of each type of bond.

Give several distinctive properties of minerals. For example: Sulfur has the odor
of rotten eggs.

Describe the Mohs scale, Name the hardest mineral.

Tell how you would classify a mineral?

Which element makes up most of the earth’s crust?

Know the major groups of minerals, based on their composition.

Know the four processes by which minerals can form and know one example of
each.

Know the density formula and be able to calculate the density of an object using
the formula. Example: What is the density of a mineral, if the mass is 25 grams
and the volume is 2.3 ml

Know the properties used to identify minerals. Give examples of how those
properties are tested.

Be able to use your mineral identification chart to identify 5 mineral samples.
Possible minerals are : Quartz, Fluorite, Talc, Calcite, Feldspar, Halite, Mica
Monday
Tuesday
9/12A
Ch 1 test
results
“Gold” movie
9/19 Short A
“Properties of
minerals”
movie
9/26A
Pet Rock
presentations
10/3 A
TBA
9/13 A
Ch 2 Reading
questions
Wednesday
9/14A
Pet Rock
presentations
research
9/20B
9/21C
Chapter 2 textbook worksheet
Luster and Cleavage lab
and quiz
9/27 B
9/28 C
PowerPoint Notes
Density lab
10/4 8 B
10/5 C
Review
Parent
Conferences
10/10 B
10/17 short A
10/11 C
10/18B
10/12 A
10/19 C
Thursday
Friday
9/15 B
9/16 C
Pet Rock presentations
research
9/22A
Pet Rock
presentations
9/23A Pep
9/29 B
Acting Vocab.
9/30 C
10/6 B
10/7 C
Unit Exam
10/13B
10/14C
10/20 B
10/21 C
assembly
Pet Rock
presentations
Movie: Standard Deviants School Geology Minerals 2002 Discovery Ed. Streaming
May the quartz be with you!
Mineral: an inorganic, solid, with a unique chemical composition and crystalline
structure that’s found in nature.
An inorganic material is________________________ ___________ and does
not arise from life processes.
Crystalline solids are made of atoms bonded in a ______________________
______________________________________________________________
Solids that don’t have crystal structures are known as amorphous,
meaning_______________________________________________________
Is amber a mineral? yes no
Mineral with the same chemical composition can have different crystal structures
depending on ____________________________________________________
Diamonds and graphite are both made of ___________ _____so they have the
same ___________________________________but a different crystal structure
because of the way that carbon_______________________________________
Diamonds and graphite are_________________ poly meaning ______________
and morphs meaning_______________________
Isomorph means “same and shape.” Isomorphs have the same______________
but different______________________________________________________
Galena and halite are examples of ____________________ because they both
have six sided cube crystal structures. Galena is composed of Lead sulfite and
halite is composed of _______________________________________________
The most common elements in the Earth’s crust are ____________ and silicon.
The most common rock-building minerals are called _______________ which
are composed of those two elements. Quartz is also a silicate because it is
composed entirely of ______________________________________________
The physical properties of minerals are dictated by the ________________ and
___________________________ processes that formed them.
Minerals are identified and classified by their _____________________ physical
properties, including hardness, cleavage, fracture, luster and _______________
Hardness is a mineral’s ability to _________________ abrasion and Freiderick
Mohs devised a scale to compare hardness called the Mohs ______________
Which mineral has a hardess of 10?_________________________________
Why will quartz scratch calcite? Because it is _______________ than calcite.
_____________________ is the way that some minerals will cleave or break
across planar surfaces depending on the strength and arrangement of bonds in
their crystal structure.
______________ is a break along an uneven surface, any mineral can fracture.
_______________ refers to the way that minerals reflect light from their surface.
There are two types of luster, ____________ and ________________________
A mineral with metallic luster looks like ___________when light reflects off of it.
The Missouri state mineral galena has a metallic _____________. On the other
hand a mineral may look glassy, waxy, greasy, or dull and earthy – these are
examples of _____________________________________________________
Color: often minerals of the same type will be different ______colors_______.
Fluorite or pyrite? Which has a reliable color? _________________________
Many gems, such as emeralds and rubies can be synthesized in the lab. By
definition, are they minerals? yes no
Minerals
Chapter 2
Reading Questions
Please answer the following questions as you read the chapter.
Pages 34 – 43
1. What is an element?
2. What particles make up atoms?
3. What are isotopes?
4. What are compounds and why do they form?
5. How do chemical bonds differ?
Pages 44- 49
6. What are five characteristics of a mineral?
Pages 44- 49 continued
7. What processes result in the formation of minerals?
8. How can minerals be classified?
9. What are some of the major group of minerals?
Pages 50 – 55
10. What properties can be used to identify minerals?
11. What is the Mohs scale?
12. What are some distinctive properties of minerals?
10 min Pet rock, gem & mineral presentation rubric: Name(s)____________
___/20 points. Your presentation is interesting, a pleasure to watch, not
boring, fun. There could be a gimmick, you could sing a song; you could
conduct a lab demonstration. Be creative, have visual aids. Note: You
may not have words on a PowerPoint presentation.
Deductions for reading your presentation, or pointing at words,
mumbling, speaking too softly for your old teacher, repeating words
like “whatever” or other obvious poor speech habits. Deductions for
time is too short.
___/ 5 points. Your presentation is detailed. It is factually accurate, and
tells more than anyone would commonly know. Members of the
audience learn something about rocks and minerals. I learn something.
___/30 points. Your presentation reviews information from the textbook
as it pertains to your mineral.
2 pts - What elements make it up?
2 pts - What kinds of chemical bonds does it have, and what is that
kind of bond? (ionic, covalent, metallic)
2 pts -Does it have a chemical formula?
5 pts- Does it have the five criteria of a mineral, how so (what are
those again?)
4 pts - Describes in detail by what process was it formed.
(crystallization from magma, precipitation, pressure and
temperature, hydrothermal solution)
3 pts - Tell which major mineral group it belongs to, and what the
characteristics of that group is. (carbonates, oxides, sulfates &
sulfides, halides, native elements)
8 pts - What properties are used to identify it? (color, streak,
luster, crystal form, cleavage, fracture, density, other
distinctive properties)
4 pts - What use is this mineral?
___/5pts You turn in a “works cited” page with a bibliography citing
sources you used. I allow you to use easybib.com so it’s easy.
the
Matter
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical or physical means. Of the known elements, only eight make up most of Earth’s
continental crust. Six of the eight are classified as metals and have specific properties
such as the ability to be shaped and drawn into wire. Metals are good conductors of heat
and electricity. They combine in thousands of ways to form compounds.
Activity: Using the chart on page 35 in your book, make a pie chart showing the
percentages of the relative abundance of the most common elements in the continental
crust. To calculate the degrees, multiply the percentage by 360. Example: for oxygen
take 360 x .466 = 168
1. Are any of the eight elements listed in the chart in the same family↨ on the
periodic table?
2. Same period?↔
3. List six properties of the metallic elements.
4. Which of the elements are the most reactive? Try to remember what you learned
in Chemistry 1.
Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure
and a definite chemical composition.
Note Taking Activity: For an Earth material to be considered a mineral, it must have the
following characteristics:
1. __________________________________________________________________
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2. __________________________________________________________________
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3. __________________________________________________________________
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4. __________________________________________________________________
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5. __________________________________________________________________
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How Minerals Form: There are four major processes by which minerals form:
1) crystallization from magma, 2) precipitation, 3) changes in pressure and
temperature, 4) formation from hydrothermal solutions.
1. Magma is molten rock that is formed deep within the Earth. As the magma cools
the elements combine to form minerals. The first minerals to crystallize from
magma are usually those rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium. The slower the
cooling process, the larger the mineral’s crystal will grow.
2. The water on Earth contains many dissolved substances. If the water evaporates,
the dissolved substances are left behind. Two common minerals formed this way
are halite and calcite.
3. Some minerals such as talc and muscovite form when existing minerals are
subjected to changes in pressure and temperature. An increase in pressure can
cause a mineral to recrystallize while still solid.
4. A hydrothermal solution is a very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances.
Temperature range between 100 C and 300 C. When the solutions come into
contact with existing minerals chemical reactions occur. Examples of minerals that
form from hydrothermal solutions include quartz, pyrite and sulfur.
Activity: Looking at the mineral samples provide by your teacher, infer which method
of crystal formation occurred. Give an explanation as to why you choose that particular
process of formation.
Sample name
Process of Formation
Explanation
Formation of Mineral Deposits
Mineral resources are deposits of useful minerals that can be extracted. Ore is a useful
metallic mineral that can be mined at a profit. Some of the most important mineral
deposits form through igneous processes and from hydrothermal solutions.
Igneous processes produce important deposits of metallic minerals such as gold silver,
copper, mercury, lead, platinum and nickel.
Hydrothermal solutions generate some of the best-known and most important ore
deposits. Most hydrothermal deposits form from hot, metal rich fluids that are left during
the late stages of the movement and cooling of magma.
Placer deposits are formed when eroded heavy minerals settle quickly from moving water
while less dense particles remain suspended and continue to move. Gold is the best
known placer deposit. In 1848, placer deposits of gold were discovered in California,
sparking the famous California gold rush.
Nonmetallic mineral resources are extracted and processed either for the nonmetallic
elements they contain or for their physical and chemical properties. Nonmetallic mineral
resources are divided into two groups – building materials and industrial minerals. Many
industrial minerals require considerable processing to extract the desired substances at the
proper degree of purity.
Skill Activity: Fill in the following chart, using your book page 101, and other student’s
presentations.
Mineral
Your presentation mineral
Calcite
Diamond
Fluorite
Garnet
Gold
Graphite
Gypsum
Halite
Quartz
Platinum
Silver
Sulfur
Sylvite
Talc
Uses
Geologic Occurrences
Mineral Groups
Common minerals, together with the thousands of others that form on Earth, can be
classified into groups based on what atoms they are made of i.e. their composition.
Silicates
The two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are silicon and oxygen. Silicon and
oxygen combine to form a structure called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. The
tetrahedron consists of one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms.
Except for a few silicate minerals, such as pure
quartz, most silicates contain one or more other
elements. The silicon-oxygen bond is very
strong. Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra can form
chains, sheets and three-dimensional networks.
Carbonates
Carbonates are the second most common mineral group. Carbonates are minerals that
contain the elements carbon, oxygen, and one or more metallic elements.
Calcite is the most common carbonate mineral.
Oxides
Oxides are minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are
usually metals. Some oxides form as magma cools. Others form when existing minerals
are subjected to changes in temperature and pressure. Still other oxides form when
existing minerals are exposed to liquid water or to moisture in the air.
Sulfates and Sulfides
Sulfates and sulfides are minerals that contain the element sulfur. Sulfates can form
when mineral rich waters evaporate. Sulfides which include Missouri’s state mineral,
Galena, often form from thermal solutions.
Halides
Halides are minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements.
Halogens are elements from Group 7A on the periodic table. The mineral halite, (NaCl),
table salt, is a common halite.
Native Elements
Native elements are minerals that only contain one element or type of atom. Native
elements include gold, silver, copper, sulfur and carbon. Native forms of carbon are
diamond and graphite. Some forms of native elements form from hydrothermal
solutions.
Discussion Questions:
1. Recap the four processes by which a mineral can form.
2. Coal forms from ancient plant matter that has been compressed over time. How would
you classify coal?
3. Name the major groups of minerals and give two examples of each.
Mineral Group
Example 1
Example 2
Properties of Minerals: Cleavage, Luster, Hardness and Fracture.
Name_____________________
Describe the property using the technical words given by your text or mineral demo set.
Relate the property to your presentation mineral.
Then describe your observations using your own words, and or diagrams.
Fracture:
Cleavage:
Luster:
Hardness:
Properties of Minerals
Color
One of the first things you notice about a mineral is the color. Small amounts of other
elements can give the same mineral different colors. While color is unique to some
minerals, this property is often not useful in identifying many minerals.
Streak
Streak is the color of the mineral in its powdered form. While color can vary from
sample to sample, the streak usually doesn’t. Metallic minerals generally have a dense,
dark streak. Minerals with nonmetallic luster do not have such streaks.
Luster
Luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral. Minerals
that have the appearance of metals, regardless of their color, are said to have a metallic
luster. Minerals with a nonmetallic luster are described by many adjectives. These
include vitreous or glassy, pearly, silky, and earthy. Diamond has an adamantine or
brilliant luster.
Crystal form
Crystal form is the visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms.
Every mineral has a crystal form based on one of six distinct crystal systems.
Hardness
One of the most useful properties to identify a mineral is hardness. Hardness is a
measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. Geologist use a standard
hardness scale called the Mohs scale. The Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals arranged
from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).
Cleavage
In the atomic structure of a mineral, some bonds are weaker than others. These weak
bonds are places where a mineral will break when it is stressed. Cleavage is the tendency
of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.
Fracture
Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture. Fracture is the
uneven breakage of a mineral.
Density
Density is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object’s mass to it volume, so
determining density is a simple division problem!
Density = Mass/ Volume
g/ml or g/cm³
Other distinctive properties
Some minerals can be recognized by other distinctive properties. Talc and graphite both
have distinctive feels. Talc feels soapy and graphite feels greasy. Magnetite will attract
paper clips and small nails. Calcite when placed over printed material will show double
the lines. This is called double refraction. Carbonate minerals will fizz when
hydrochloric acid is dropped on them.
Density Practice Problems:
1. What is the density of a mineral that has a mass of 200 grams and a volume of
134 ml?
2. What is the mass of a mineral that has a density of 3.3 g/ml and measures 2 cm by
3 cm by 5 cm.
3. What is the volume of a mineral that has a density of 2.3 g/cm³ and a mass of
45 g?
Dunking for Density
Purpose:
To determine the density of several unknown minerals samples., and to determine at
which density an object will float, suspend or sink in water.
Materials: mineral samples
Scale, small sealable containers, beaker, small objects, graduated cylinder.
Procedure: 1- take the mass of the objects. 2- Use the displacement method to
determine the volumes of the objects (minerals or canister.)
Using the small objects of different masses, modify the container so that it will float, then
so it will sink, and then so it will remain suspended in the middle of the beaker of water.
Complete the data table as you go.
Data Table: Mass, Volume and Density of the film canister.
Canister
Mass (g)
Volume (ml)
Sink
Float
Suspended
Density (g/ml)
Questions:
What is the density of water?
Density is a physical property used in identifying minerals. What other physical
properties can be used to identify minerals?
Density can be used to test the purity of a substance. Why would this be important to a
Geologist?
Determine the density of the following and then use your book on pages 54-55 to help
you identify which mineral matches that density.
Mass ( g )
Volume ( cm³ )
Density ( g/cm³ )
Mineral name
37.5
5
5.4
2.5
62.3
7
14.95
6.5
10.6
4
42.75
15
9.485
3.5
50.2
10
110.46
21
Now determine the volume, mass and density of the three unknown minerals.
1_______________________2_______________________3_______________________
Can you identify any?
Mineral
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Color
Luster
Mineral Number – Name of Mineral
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Streak
Hardness Cleavage/
Fracture
Uses
Mineral Number – Name of Mineral
10
11
12
13
14
Distinguishing C