Download 3.2.2 Student Response Sheet

Project 3.2.2 and Project 3.2.3: Student Resource
Sheet
Use the information found below to guide your research and to design your model.Take
notes, answer questions, and complete sketches in your laboratory journal.
1. Oral cavity, pharynx, (must also include accessory organs such as salivary
glands, tongue, and teeth)
 What is the oral cavity and what does it contain? Lips, cheeks, teeth, gums, and
the tongue are a part of the oral cavity.
 What is the function of the salivary glands? They are glands that produce saliva
and produce amylase.
 What is the function of the tongue? The tongue moves and breaks down the food
before it enters into the body.
 What is a bolus? It is the food after you chew it up.
 Where are the soft and hard palate located and what are their functions? The
hard palate is in the front of the mouth and the soft palate4 is in the back. The
hard palate holds the teeth in place while the soft palate presses food down for
swallowing.
 What mechanical and chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity? The
mechanical digestion chews up the food and then the chemical digestion break it
down.
 What mechanisms are in place to make sure food does not “go down the wrong
tube” and into the windpipe? The epiglottis prevents food from "going down the
wrong pipe."
2. Esophagus and Stomach
 What is peristaltic movement and how does it function in the esophagus? This
movement happens in the esophagus and pushes the food (bolus) into the
stomach.
 Does any digestion of food occur in the esophagus? Yes, it breaks down certain
lipids.
 What are the primary functions of the stomach? The stomach breaks down
proteins and many other parts of the food. It also extracts nutrients from the food.
 What is chyme and how does the stomach mix this material? Chyme comes from
the stomach and is a semidigested food that travels to the small intestine.
 What role does the stomach play in decontaminating the incoming food matter?
The stomach acids kill many harmful bacterias or foreign invaders.
 What cells in the stomach function to form enzymes and acids? The chief cells
produce pepsin and the parietal cells produce hydrocloric acid.
 Why doesn’t gastric juice digest the inside of the stomach? The stomach has a
protective layer of mucus.
 What are sphincters and how are they related to the stomach? The sphincters
allow the food enter the stomach and the digested food exit.
©2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Human Body SystemsProject 3.2.2 and Project 3.2.3 Student Resource Sheet – Page 1
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What mechanical and chemical digestion occurs in the stomach? The muscles
churn the food inside it and acids and enzymes break down the food.
3. Small Intestine and Large Intestine
 What are the three sections of the small intestine and what role does each
section play in digestion or absorption? The duodenum produces bile salts that
compress liquids so the lipids get they get compressed to be digest later.
Jejunum finishes digesting and starts to absorb while the ileum absorbs certain
vitamins and carries what is left to the large intestine.
 What is the pH within the small intestine and how is this pH maintained? The pH
is six and is maintained by certain carbon ions.
 Where do bile and pancreatic enzymes enter the small intestine? They arrive at
the duodenum.
 How does food move through the intestines? It is pushed forward through the
churning of the continuous intake of food.
 What enzymes act inside the small intestine and what are the functions of these
enzymes? Lipases, amylase, and protease are in the small intestines and they
digest lipids, crabs, and proteins in that order.
 What is the function of the large intestine in relation to digestion? It absorbs all of
the food's vitamins and minerals.
 What are the three sections of the large intestine and what roles does each play
in digestion or absorption? Ascending, transverse, descending intestines. The
Water is reabsorbed and nutrients is absorbed.
 How does the large intestine help maintain a water balance in the body? The
body continues to absorb the water that was added during digesting so it is not
wasted.
4. Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder
 What are the size and the location of the pancreas? The pancreas is triangular
and is between the stomach and the beginning of the small intestines.
 What are the different functions of the pancreas, and how is the pancreas directly
related to digestion? The pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine. It makes
enzymes, hormones, and lipase. Those will then go to the small intestines and
help break down the food even more.
 How does the pancreas connect to the rest of the digestive system? The
pancreas connects the digestives system together with the small intestines and
the duodenum.
 What enzymes are produced by the pancreas and what are their functions? The
pancreas produces the digestive enzymes proteases, lipase, trypsin, and
amylase and they are used to break down the food’s fats, carbohydrates, and
proteins.
 How is insulin related to the digestive system? Insulin is secreted in the pancreas
in response to blood sugar.
 What is the size of the liver and where is it located? The liver is about twice as
big as the stomach and is located above and to the right of the stomach.
©2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Human Body SystemsProject 3.2.2 and Project 3.2.3 Student Resource Sheet – Page 2
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How does the liver function in relation to digestion? Bile released from the liver
compresses lipids so they can be digested in the intestines.
What are other functions of the liver in the body? The liver filters many toxins out
of the bloodstream.
What is the relationship between the liver and the gallbladder? The liver
produces bile and the gallbladder stores it until it is needed.
What is the function of bile and where does it enter the digestive tract? Bile
compresses lipids so that they can be digested in the intestine and enter in the
duodenum.
Each group will be assigned one of the following bites of food. First, think about the
class of molecule this food item represents and then identify the specific enzymes that
would break this polymer into monomers. Remember to describe features that help
mechanically digest this bite. Depending on your food item, you may need to do some
additional research.
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Bread
Butter
Steak
Celery
Skittles
©2014 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Human Body SystemsProject 3.2.2 and Project 3.2.3 Student Resource Sheet – Page 3