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OIE Reference Laboratory Reports Activities in 2011 Name of disease (or topic) for which you are a designated OIE Reference Laboratory: Address of laboratory Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UNITED KINGDOM Tel.: (+44-1743) 46.76.21 Fax: (+44-1743) 44.10.60 e-mail address: website: Name (including Title and Position) of Head of Laboratory (Responsible Official): Name(including Title and Position) of OIE Reference Expert: Name (including Title and Position) of writer of this report (if different from above): Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011 Antimicrobial resistance [email protected] http://www.defra.gov.uk/vla/ Ms Catherine Brown Chief Executive. Mr Christopher Teale MRCVS Head of Antimicrobial Resistance AHVLA. As above 1 Antimicrobial resistance Part I: Summary of general activities related to the disease 1. Test(s) in use/or available for the specified disease/topic at your laboratory Test For Specificity Total Disc diffusion susceptibility test Antimicrobial susceptibility of veterinary pathogenic and commensal bacteria to a panel of 8 antimicrobials for diagnostic purposes. Antimicrobial resistance to 8 antimicrobials; resistance to other antimicrobials may be inferred where cross-resistance occurs. >3,500 Disc diffusion susceptibility test Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella to a panel of 16 antimicrobials for surveillance purposes. Antimicrobial resistance to 16 antimicrobials; resistance to other antimicrobials may be inferred where cross-resistance occurs. >2,200 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. Antimicrobial susceptibility determined by broth microdilution MIC. Resistance to other antimicrobials may be inferred where cross-resistance occurs. 510 Molecular detection of selected beta-lactamase resistance genes by PCR. Characterisation of betalactamase resistance, particularly of ESBL and AmpC types. Specific for certain betalactamase resistance genes. 71 Microarray for the detection of a number of resistance genes (>50) in bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance genotype. Specific for antimicrobial resistance genes. 1111 2. Production and distribution of diagnostic reagents Microarray technology for identification of resistance genes carried by bacteria. Details are available at http://www.identibac.com/ >1,000 microarray tests for antimicrobial resistance performed at the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency. Part II: Activities specifically related to the mandate of OIE Reference Laboratories 3. International harmonisation and standardisation of methods for diagnostic testing or the production and testing of vaccines a) Establishment and maintenance of a network with other OIE Reference Laboratories designated for the same pathogen or disease and organisation of regular inter-laboratory proficiency testing to ensure comparability of results Membership of the OIE Ad hoc Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. b) Organisation of inter-laboratory proficiency testing with laboratories other than OIE Reference Laboratories for the same pathogens and diseases to ensure equivalence of results An external quality assurance programme for identifying S. aureus and MRSA was offered in 2011 by AHVLA to external participants, including international participants. 2 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011 Antimicrobial resistance Attendance at quarterly meetings of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, which sets breakpoints and defines methods for use in the medical field in the UK and further afield. Membership of the European Food Safety Authority Working Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. Attendance at the EU Community Reference Laboratory annual meeting on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and participation in the EU CRL EQAS programme. 4. Preparation and supply of international reference standards for diagnostic tests or vaccines No standards produced. Microarray technology has been developed for identification of resistance genes carried by bacteria. Details are available at http://www.identibac.com/ 5. Research and development of new procedures for diagnosis and control Further research into development of micro-arrays and other methods for rapid detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. Micro-arrays are now in routine use (and have been made commercially available) to examine bacterial isolates of particular interest, for example, those carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Further information regarding the microarrays is available at http://www.identibac.com/ The AMR Array Tube version 4 has been validated to the equivalent of OIE stage 2. 6. Collection, analysis and dissemination of epizootiological data relevant to international disease control Production of reports covering antimicrobial resistance in bacteria in livestock in England and Wales. Contribution of data on antimicrobial resistance in bacteria recovered from livestock in England and Wales to the EU “Trends and Sources” report. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) contractor for production of the Community Summary Reports on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2009 and 2010. International spread of Salmonella Kentucky ST198 resistant to ciprofloxacin described in the scientific literature [Le Hello S, Hendriksen RS, Doublet B, Fisher I, Nielsen EM, Whichard JM, Bouchrif B, Fashae K, Granier SA, Jourdan-Da Silva N, Cloeckaert A, Threlfall EJ, Angulo FJ, Aarestrup FM, Wain J, Weill FX, 2011. International Spread of an Epidemic Population of Salmonella enterica Serotype Kentucky ST198 Resistant to Ciprofloxacin. The Journal of infectious diseases, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir409 and Wasyl, D., A. Hoszowski, 2011. First isolation of ESBL-producing Salmonella and emergence of multiresistant Salmonella Kentucky in turkey in Poland. Food Research International. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.024]. Detection of a novel variant mecA gene in Staphylococcus aureus. García-Álvarez L, Holden MT, Lindsay H, Webb CR, Brown DF, Curran MD, Walpole E, Brooks K, Pickard DJ, Teale C, Parkhill J, Bentley SD, Edwards GF, Girvan EK, Kearns AM, Pichon B, Hill RL, Larsen AR, Skov RL, Peacock SJ, Maskell DJ, Holmes MA. 2011. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a novel mecA homologue in human and bovine populations in the UK and Denmark: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 11: 595-603. 7. Maintenance of a system of quality assurance, biosafety and biosecurity relevant to the pathogen and the disease concerned The policy of the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) is to maintain a high standard of quality in all aspects of its operation. The laboratory facilities are UKAS accredited to BS EN ISO 17025:2000 (Nos. 1769) for an extensive range of tests supported by proficiency testing accredited to ISO/IEC Guide 43-1 1997 (Lab No. 0004). AHVLA is certificated to BS EN ISO 9001:2000 for ‘the provision of a range of specialist veterinary scientific services to the Government and other interested parties worldwide (Certificate Nos. LRQ 4000436, 4001071, 0962413 and 4001392). Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011 3 Antimicrobial resistance 8. Provision of consultant expertise to OIE or to OIE Member Countries Member of and rapporteur for the OIE Ad hoc Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. The Group formally convened twice in 2011 at the OIE headquarters in Paris to review chapters of the Terrestrial Code relating to antimicrobial resistance. Preparation of a paper entitled « Prudent Use Guidelines – A Review of Existing Veterinary Guidelines » for the OIE Scientific and Technical Review. 9. Provision of scientific and technical training to personnel from other OIE Member Countries No training provided in 2011. 10. Provision of diagnostic testing facilities to other OIE Member Countries No diagnostic testing requested by other OIE Member Countries in 2011. 11. Organisation of international scientific meetings on behalf of OIE or other international bodies No meetings organised in 2011 [Conference organised in 2010]. 12. Participation in international scientific collaborative studies Collaborative study with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) to produce the European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in 2010. The production of the report was ongoing through 2011 and the final report for 2010 is likely to be published in 2012. The 2009 report is available at http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2154.htm [doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2154]. 13. Publication and dissemination of information relevant to the work of OIE (including list of scientific publications, internet publishing activities, presentations at international conferences) Presentations at international conferences and meetings British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Spring Meeting, Resistance in farm animals – implications for animal and public health. Mr J. Jones MRCVS. Available at http://www.online-webpresentations.com/BSAC_SpringMeeting2011/ CTX-M sequence types, plasmid replicon types, antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolates from cattle, chickens and turkeys in Great Britain. Randall, L.P., Toszeghy, M.J., Phillips, N., Wearing, H., Horton, R., Wu, G., Davies, R.H., Teale, C.J.,Coldham, N.G. Poster at ECCMID 2011. Abstract available at http://www.eccmidabstracts.com/abstract.asp?id=91859 Scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals L. P. Randall, C. Clouting, R. A. Horton, N. G. Coldham, G. Wu, F. A. Clifton-Hadley, R. H. Davies and C. J. Teale. 2011. Prevalence of Escherichia coli carrying extended-spectrum β-lactamases (CTX-M and TEM52) from broiler chickens and turkeys in Great Britain between 2006 and 2009 J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66(1): 86-95. García-Álvarez L, Holden MT, Lindsay H, Webb CR, Brown DF, Curran MD, Walpole E, Brooks K, Pickard DJ, Teale C, Parkhill J, Bentley SD, Edwards GF, Girvan EK, Kearns AM, Pichon B, Hill RL, Larsen AR, Skov RL, Peacock SJ, Maskell DJ, Holmes MA. 2011. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a novel mecA homologue in human and bovine populations in the UK and Denmark: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 11: 595-603. 4 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011 Antimicrobial resistance Watson E, Jeckel S, Snow L, Stubbs R, Teale C, Wearing H, Horton R, Toszeghy M, Tearne O, Ellis-Iversen J, Coldham N. 2012. Epidemiology of extended spectrum beta-lactamase E. coli (CTX-M-15) on a commercial dairy farm. Veterinary Microbiology, 154, 339-346, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.020. Kirchner M, Wearing H, Teale C, Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene detected in Escherichia coli from cattle, Veterinary Microbiology, Volume 148, Issues 2–4, 24 March 2011, Pages 434-435, ISSN 03781135, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.033. Other communications None. _______________ Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2011 5