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Unit 7: World War II The Rise of Dictators The Treaty of Versailles Germany blamed for________________ Germany had to pay _______________ Germany and Russia lost territory Weak League of Nations In Europe: depression, debts, hunger Led to rise of totalitarian _____________ What is a dictator? A dictator is a ruler who assumes sole and _______________ political power with military control, but without hereditary ascension such as an absolute monarch. A dictator is an authoritarian, and his rule is not subject to _____ or legislative override Joseph Stalin Wanted to o end free enterprise o set up collective farms o industrialize U.S.S.R. Used secret police and purges to ___________________________ Communism Government would own land, industry, etc. No private _____________________ Mussolini Fascism Mussolini: 1933-35 Invaded________________________ League sets of a economic boycott Gained widespread support because people feared _________ Fascist Strong, centralized government Extreme nationalism, militarism, expansionism Private property with government control ______________________________ Hitler: Nazi Germany ______________, 6 million out of work democratic government out, Third Reich begins Naziism Extreme nationalism combined with racism Goal: __________________________ Japan: Militarists nationalism, living space invasion of _________________________,1932 League condemned action, Japan withdrew from League Militarism During the 1930s a militaristic Japan invaded and brutalized _________________ and China as it sought military and economic domination over __________. The United States refused to recognize Japanese conquests in Asia and imposed an _________________ on exports of oil and steel to Japan. Francisco Franco Hitler and Mussolini aid Franco Hitler used Spain as test ground for ____________________ Spanish Civil War: Francisco Franco: Fascist Spain Thousands of Americans went to fight against Franco U.S. sent clothing, food to anti-Fascists U.S. Response Recognized ________________ in 1933 Reciprocal Trade Agreement aimed at lower tariffs Neutrality Acts outlawed arm sales and loans to nations at war (1935) Banned sales to nations engaged in civil wars (Spain 1936) World War II 1939-1941 and the Holocaust Definition of the Holocaust (from the Smithsonian museum of the Holocaust): Between 1933 and 1945, Germany’s government, led by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist (Nazi) party, carried out a deliberate, calculated attack on European Jewry. Basing their actions on _______________ ideology and using World War II as a primary means to achieve their goals, they targeted Jews as their main enemy, killing _______________ Jewish men, women, and children by the time the war ended in 1945. This act of genocide is now known as the Holocaust. As part of their wide-reaching efforts to remove from German territory all those whom they considered racially, biologically, or socially unfit, the Nazis terrorized many other groups as well, including political opponents, Roma (also known as Gypsies), Germans with mental and physical disabilities, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Poles, and Soviet prisoners of war. In the course of state-sponsored tyranny, the Nazis left countless lives shattered and millions dead. WWI: Ended with Germany’s defeat November 11, 1918 _______________ – June 28,1919 The Nazi Socialist “Nazi” Party of the 1920s: German Workers’ Party Hitler’s aim was to violently overthrow the liberal democracy of the ____________. _______________ – Hitler’s militia 1925: Publication of _______________ Hitler’s book “My Struggle” or “My Battle” In the book, Hitler divided humans into categories based on physical appearance. Hitler asserts that the _______________ race is the master race, and the Jew is the major oppressor of the Aryan. 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany The Reichstag burned. The _______________ made Hitler a legal dictator. The Expedient Nazi Takeover of Germany Hitler’s “final solution”: _____________ Immediately after Hitler’s chancellorship, o Boycott on Jewish shops o Jews in civil service positions were fired o Jews prohibited from serving as doctors and lawyers o Jews prohibited from attending public schools o ALL non-Aryans prohibited from government employment o Jews banned from attending public entertainment activities o All newspapers placed under Nazi control o Nazis began burning books with “anti-German” ideas Concentration Camps Oranienburg (first concentration camp) opened in 1933 “_______________” concentration camps served as prisons to collect ransom for Nazi opponents and Jews. The Night of Long Knives 1934 Hitler overthrew the original SA and replaced with his new militia, the SS. Ordered the execution without _______________ of SA leaders. At least 74 murders, some mistakes "If anyone reproaches me and asks why I did not resort to the regular courts of justice, then all I can say is this: In this hour I was responsible for the fate of the German people, and thereby I became the supreme judge of the German people." (Adolf Hitler) Hitler: The Fuhrer Following the death of German President Hindenburg in August 1934, Hitler became “The Fuhrer”, yielding the most dictatorial power in history. The next day, mandatory _____________ ___________________ were instituted. Loyalty Oaths "Article 1. The public officials and the soldiers of the armed forces must take an oath of loyalty on entering service. Article 2 1. The oath of loyalty of public officials will be: 'I swear: I shall be loyal and obedient to Adolf Hitler, the Führer of the German Reich and people, respect the laws, and fulfill my official duties conscientiously, so help me God.' 2. The oath of loyalty of the soldiers of the armed forces will be: 'I swear by God this sacred oath: I will render unconditional obedience to Adolf Hitler, the Führer of the German Reich and people, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, and will be ready as a brave soldier to risk my life at any time for this oath.‘ Article 3. Officials already in service must swear this oath without delay according to Article 2 number 1." 1935: Nuremburg Race Laws Laws that prohibited “_______________” from exercising human rights Jews were labeled as “subjects” of the Nazis’ third Reich. A “full Jew” = person having three Jewish grandparents A “_______________” = person having one or two Jewish grandparents Meanwhile… German Gestapo becomes the head of German state _______________ (Italian dictator) invades Ethiopia. _______________ (Spanish dictator) becomes the head of the Spanish state. Hitler has a secret conference to plan for more Lebensraum (“_______________”) for Germany March 1938 Anchluss (union) with ______________ German Gestapo began the the humiliation of Austrian Jews October 1938 - Hitler invaded Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia. November 9-10, 1938: _______________ The Night of Broken Glass Began when one 17-year-old Jewish boy shot and killed a German soldier at the embassy in Paris after that soldier mistreated the boy’s father. Massive, coordinated attack on the Jews of the Third Reich _______________ Jewish men seized and sent to concentration camps 267 synagogues burned 91 Jews killed All Jewish property was seized by the Nazis. August 1939: The Russians and the Germans sign a ___________________________. September 1939 Employing blitzkrieg (literally, "lightning war") tactics, Germany invades Poland. Soviets invade Poland. Britain and France declare war on Germany. World War II begins. U.S. is _______________. October 1939 Hitler instituted _______________ for children under 3 who were mentally ill or deformed. Eventually, adults were euthanized also. Creation of “_______________” with gas chambers Eventually, killing centers were placed at concentration camps Gas chambers—injections—starvation— other means of murder 1940 Nazis invaded Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Germans began _______________ of Britain. Italy declared war on France and Britain, and then invaded Egypt and Greece. Romania and Hungary joined the Axis powers. Axis Strategy o Invade Soviet Union o Take possession of Northern African oil o Bomb _______________ out of the war May 1940 : Winston Churchill becomes prime minister of Britain. Invasion of Paris: France surrenders to the Germans. July 10, 1940 The Battle of Britain begins A 3-month battle fought in the _______________ over Britain will include destructive bombing raids on London and other cities Hitler’s first defeat March 1941 Roosevelt passes the ______________________________ Loans war materials to other countries December 7, 1941 A day that will live in infamy Japan’s surprise attack on _______________ U.S. declares war on Japan the next day Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. on December 11, 1941. World War II in Europe and the Pacific Declaration of War The U.S. and Britain declared war on _______ on December 8, 1941. ___________________ declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941. In Europe… World War II In Europe and North Africa “_______________”:Allied Strategy in Europe and North Africa January 1942 – Wannsee Conference - The “_________________” to the Jewish question: Eliminate all the Jews Worl War August 1942: ________________The long, bloody battle proves to be a _________ in the war, as Germany begins a retreat from the Eastern Front January 1943 - Roosevelt and Churchill hold a conference at _________________. El Alamein: Hitler defeated in North Africa, Kept him from accessing ________________ July 1943 - Italian dictator Benito _____________________ is overthrown and imprisoned. June 6, 1944: D-Day, Allied invasion of Normandy December 1944, The Battle of the _____________: By the end of the month, the Battle of the Bulge ends. Over 76,000 Americans have been killed, wounded, or captured The Allies regain the territory they held in early December March 1945: U.S. forces cross the Rhine River. The Germans retreat into Germany. April 30, 1945: Hitler ________________________. May 8, 1945 General Dwight ____________ accepted Germany's unconditional surrender at Reims, France on May 7, 1945. Germany likewise _______________ on May 8, 1945 In the Pacific… “Island Hopping” : Allied strategy in the ______________ Bataan Death March: About 76,000 prisoners including 12,000 Americans were forced on the 60-mile march under a blazing sun without food or water toward a new _________________ camp in the Philippines. April 1942. World War II in the Pacific The Battle of Midway: “The Miracle at Midway”, American victory, Moved Pacific war away from________________________________________________ Guam Just 8 minutes after U.S. Marines and Army assault troops landed on Guam Two U.S. officers plant the American ___________, using a boat hook as a mast. July 20, 1944. Iwo Jima: By March 16, when Iwo Jima was declared secured, 6,821 Americans and 21,000 Japanese (the ___________________) had died Okinawa: o o Marines sustained more than 125 casualties in eight hours crossing this valley. May 1945. Hiroshima & Nagasaki: The 9,000 lb. ________________ was dropped from 31,600 feet and detonated at 8:15 a.m., August 6, 1945, about 1,900 feet above the center of Hiroshima Japanese Surrender: Japan's unconditional ________________________. August 15, 1945 World War II and the Treatment of Different Groups Minority participation in the United States army African Americans generally served in __________________ units and were assigned to service roles, but demanded the right to serve in combat rather than non-combat roles. All-Minority units Tuskegee Airmen: __________________________ fighter pilots ______________ regiments: Asian-American units Additional Contributions of Minorities Navaho code-talkers i. The ____________________ language is unwritten. ii. Difficult for Axis powers to decipher code Mexican Americans also fought, but in _________________________units. Minority units suffered high casualties and won numerous unit citations and individual medals for courage in battle. Treatment of Prisoners of War The _________________________________ attempted to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed internationally. The treatment of prisoners in the Pacific Theater often reflected the savagery of the fighting there. In the ________________________, American POWs suffered brutal treatment by Japanese after surrender of The Philippines. Japanese soldiers often commit _________________ rather than be taken prisoner. The treatment of prisoners in Europe more closely followed the ideas of the Geneva Convention. The Holocaust Genocide: The systematic killing of a group of people based on _____________ religion, or social status Final solution: 1942 Wannsee Conference: “Kill all the Jews” Who was affected by the Holocaust? o Jews o Slavs o “The o Poles o Gypsies Undesirables” The Nuremburg Trials After the war, The SS, The German Gestapo, Nazi leaders and others were convicted of war crimes. The Nuremburg trials emphasized _______________________, regardless of orders received. The trials led to new legislation in military law. World War II: America on the Homefront Main Idea: World War II had a major impact on the lives of all Americans, even those who did not fight in the war. Mobilizing for War Economic Resources—United States became the “Arsenal of Democracy” U.S. government and industry forged a close working relationship to allocate resources effectively. Factory production changed from consumer goods to _________________________ Rationing was used to maintain supply of essential products to the war effort. o Each person was limited to a certain amount of scarce goods o Coupons required to purchase gas, meat, butter o Certain goods were NOT available: ______________________________ War bonds and _____________________ were used for financing the war. Human Resources More women and minorities entered the labor force as men entered the armed forces. Citizens volunteered in support of the war effort. Military Resources - The Draft/selective service was used to provide personnel for the military. Women during WWII: Women increasingly participated in the workforce to replace men serving in the military. “______________________________” was the new role model for women. o 6 million women went to work in the new defense industries o By 1943, women = 1/3 of the workforce and 65% of the aviation industry Women joined the military in non-combat positions. o Women Flyers of America—transportation o Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) Problems for women at work o Earned lower paychecks than men o Needed ______________________ o Male co-workers/bosses were not supportive. o After the war, women were encouraged/expected to leave the workplace. African Americans during WWII Served in segregated units __________________________________: Victory over Hitler, Victory over Discrimination Internment of Japanese Americans Reasons for internment o Strong anti-Japanese _________________________on the West Coast o False belief that Japanese Americans were aiding the enemy Japanese Americans were re-located to internment camps: Executive Order #__________________: Japanese Americans must be relocated to internment camps. Had one week to prepare & could take only what they could carry Moved to ten over-crowded camps with sub-standard housing o Korematsu v. the United States - Japanese-American Internment Camp Survivors sought a ruling on the unconstitutionality of Executive Order #9066 o 1988—each surviving internee received $20,000 from the government and a ____________________________________ stereotypical Media/Communications Assistance U.S. government maintained strict censorship of reporting of the war. Public morale and ad campaigns kept Americans focused on the war effort. ________ ________ Boosted morale and patriotic support for the war effort as well as portrayed the enemy in ways. The Impact of WWII At the end of WWII, What happened to Germany? Nuremburg Trials: What happened to Japan? What happened to Europe?