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PROPERTIES OF SOLAR SYSTEM: PLANETARY FACTS By: Tiffany 6D PLANET’S NAME Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Greek mythology name: Gaea. Gaea was known as the mother of mountains and other land formations. Greek mythology name: Ares. Ares was known as the god of war. Greek mythology name: Zeus. Zeus was known as the master of the gods and goddess. Greek mythology name: Cronus. Cronus was the most powerful of all titans. POSITION IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM Earth Mars Earth is the third planet from the sun. The distance from the sun is around 93 million miles/ 149, 597, 890 km away. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. The distance from the sun is around 228 million km away. Jupiter Saturn Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun. The distance from the sun is around 778,369,000 km Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun. The distance form the sun to Saturn is around 1,427,034,00 0 km ROTATION ON ITS AXIS Earth Mars One day on Earth is around 23 hours, 56 minutes and 04.09053 seconds. One day on Mars is about 23 and a half Earth days. Jupiter Saturn One day on Jupiter is around 9 hours and 55 minutes. One day on Saturn is around 10 hours 40 minutes and 24s seconds (Earth time) SIZE Earth Mars •Earth is the biggest of the inner/ terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) •But it is the fifth biggest planet in our solar system. •Its diameter is around 7,925 miles and its circumference is around 24, 901 miles. • Earth’s mass is around 5.97e24 kg •Mars is the second smallest planet in our solar system which makes it the third biggest of the inner/ terrestrial planets. •Mars’ diameter is around 6, 800 miles. •Mars’ mass is around 6.42e23 kg Jupiter Saturn •Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system. •Its diameter is around 142,984 km •Jupiter’s mass is around 1.90e27 kg •Saturn is the second biggest planet in our solar system. •Its diameter is around 142, 750 km. •Saturn’s mass is around 5.68e26 kg GRAVITY Earth If you weight 40 kg, you will still weight 40 kg on Earth because this is the planet where you live. Mars Mar’s gravity is around 38% of Earth’s gravity. So, if you weigh 40 kg on Earth, then you would weigh around15 kg on Mars. Jupiter Saturn Jupiter’s gravity is around 245% of Earth’s gravity. So if you weigh 40 kg on Earth, then you would weigh around 94.5 kg on Jupiter. Saturn’s gravity is around 108% of Earth’s gravity. So you weigh 40 kg on Earth then you will weigh around 42.5 kg on Saturn. ORBIT Earth Mars It takes Earth about 365 ¼ days to make one orbit around the sun. Earth’s orbit is an ellipse shape. It takes Mars around 687 Earth days to make one orbit around the sun. Mars’ orbit is an ellipse shape. Jupiter Saturn It takes Jupiter around 11.86 Earth days to make one orbit around the sun. Jupiter’s orbit is an ellipse shape. It takes Saturn around 29 Earth years for Saturn to make one orbit around the sun. Saturn’s orbit is an ellipse shape. ATMOSPHERE Earth Mars Earth’s atmosphere is mostly made out of 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and the rest is argon, carbon dioxide and water. Mars’ atmosphere is. 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon. There are some times giant dust storms that get into the whole atmosphere which causes it to be pinkish. Jupiter Saturn Jupiter’s atmosphere is 90% hydrogen, 10% helium. There are 3 layers of atmosphere on Jupiter; 1st layer is ammonia (stinky stuff on spray cleaners) 2nd layer is ammonia and sulphur (head of a match) and the third layer is made out of water vapor. Saturn’s atmosphere is 97% hydrogen, 3% helium, .05% methane. There are also many sulphur in the air which makes the color yellow. TEMPERATURE Earth Earth’s average temperature is around 7.2 C/ 45 F. But different places around the world has different temperature. 0 0 Mars Mars’ surface temperature ranges from -87 to -5 °C. Compared to Earth, this temperature is very cold. Jupiter Saturn Jupiter’s temperature is around 14.85 19.85 C. Compared to Earth, this temperature is a bit cold but not as cold as Mars. Saturn’s surface temperature is around -175C. But as it get closer to the core, it gets hotter the temperature can be up to 11,700 C. COMPOSITION OF THE PLANET Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Earth is a terrestrial planet which means that its surface is rocky and solid. Earth is made out of 4 layers; the inner core, outer core, mantel and the crust. Mars is also made out of 4 layers which are; core, lower mantle, upper mantle and the crust. Jupiter is a gas giant planet which means that it is mostly made out of gas. There are 4 layers of inner parts; layered atmosphere, liquid molecular hydrogen, liquid metallic hydrogen and a possible core. Saturn is made out of 4 layers; core (hot, solid), liquid & metallic hydrogen, molecular hydrogen and the layered atmosphere. APPEARANCE OF THE PLANETS Earth Mars •Earth is a rocky planet. •From space, it is blue (because 70% is water, it is also known as the water planet) and because of that, it is called the blue planet. •Earth is more to the oblate spheroid shape(slightly flat on the north and south poles. •Mars is also called the red planet because of its appearance. •Mars’ northern and southern poles also have ice. They look white from space. •Mars has mountains, canyons and many other land formations. Jupiter Saturn •Jupiter is the biggest planet. •It is yellow to brown in color. •There is a big red spot which is actually a storm that has been going on for centuries. •Jupiter also has wind patterns which causes it to have “strips/ lines”. •Saturn is an oblate spheroid shape but more bulging at the equator. •The planet’s color is yellowish brown to greyish yellow. •There are “lines”/ “strips” on Saturn because they are the wind pattern. MOONS/ NATURAL SATELLITES Earth Mars Earth has one moon. Some say its name is Luna. Our moon wasn’t discovered but it was already known by people long ago because they were the first to see the moon. Mars has 2 moons. They are Phobos and Deimos. Jupiter Saturn Jupiter has more than 63 moons. 5 of them are called Europa, Io, Ganymede, Callisto and Amalthea. Saturn has more than 42 moons. 5 of them are Titan, Enceladus, Dione, Iapetus, Mimas RINGS Earth Earth has no rings. Mars Mars has no rings. Jupiter Saturn Jupiter has rings but they are not really visible. Jupiter’s rings were first observed on 1979. Jupiter’s rings are really thin. Saturn has rings. Its rings are made out of chunks of ices and rock from space that has been pulled by the gravity on the planet. Christiaan Huygens discovered that Saturn had rings on 1655. Saturn’s rings are really thin. DISCOVERY OF THE PLANETS Earth Earth was known since the first person/ living thing was born because humans were born on Earth so the one who discovered Earth are themselves. Mars Jupiter Saturn As for these 3 planets, they can be seen with the human eye so it was long ago when these planets were discovered yet no one knows who because it has been a long time. On 1610, Galileo Galilei discovered Saturn but he did not know that Saturn had rings. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EARTH AND MARS Both Earth and Mars are terrestrial planets. They are both planets in the same solar system. They both have north and south poles. They are both oblate spheroid in shape. They both are made out of 4 layers (but the layers are different). They both have moons. They orbit around the sun in an elliptical shape. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EARTH AND JUPITER They are both planets in our Solar System. They both have cores. They both have Auroras. They both experience storms (but Jupiter’s storms are longer) They both have moons. They orbit around the sun in an elliptical shape SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EARTH AND SATURN Both of them are planets They both have moons. They orbit around the sun in an elliptical shape INTERESTING FACTS OF EARTH Earth is the only planet on which water can exist in liquid form on the surface. Earth is referred to as the BLUE PLANET. Because from space, the oceans combined with our atmosphere make our planet look blue. Earth travels through space at 66,700 miles per hour. The sunrays reached at the earth in 8 minutes & 3 seconds. The total surface area of the Earth is 197 million square miles. INTERESTING FACTS OF MARS Mars is red because it is rusty. There is a lot of iron in the soil, and the air on Mars has made it turn red-just like rusty iron on Earth. One of Mars' moons, Phobos, is moving closer and closer to Mars. Scientists think that one day it will crash into Mars. Mars has the tallest Volcano in the Solar System named Olympus Mons and it is 15 miles high which is three times the height of Mount Everest. Like Earth, the poles of Mars are covered in ice. The ice becomes thicker in the winter. Mars orbits the sun every 687 Earth days. The Martian “day” is about half a hour longer than Earth. At its brightest, Mars outshines every other planet apart from Venus. The thin atmosphere of Mars is made of mostly carbon dioxide. Valleys and Canyons on Mars suggest that the planet once had large amounts of surface water. In winter, nighttime temperatures on Mars can drop as low as 191°F. INTERESTING FACTS OF JUPITER Jupiter is the largest planet in our Solar system. It is so big that more than 1300 Earths could fit inside it. Thick, colorful clouds of deadly poisonous gases surround Jupiter. The quick spinning of the planet whips up the atmosphere, creating the bands around the planet. If you were to descend into Jupiter, the thin, cold atmosphere becomes thicker and hotter, gradually turning into a thick, dark fog. In the blackness about 1000km down the pressure squeezes the atmosphere so hard that it becomes like liquid. At the centre of Jupiter is a rocky core, slightly bigger than Earth but weighing about 20 times more. Surrounding the core is an ocean of liquid hydrogen, about 1,000 kilometers deep. Jupiter has many storms raging on the surface, most notably the big red spot which is the largest hurricane in our Solar System. It's been raging for over three hundred years. Jupiter has a very strong magnetic field, you would weigh two and a half times as much as you would on Earth. Jupiter has many moons circling around it. Four of these moons are bigger than Pluto. INTERESTING FACTS OF SATURN Saturn is the second largest planet in the Solar System after Jupiter. It is so big that Earth could fit into it 755 times. It is believed that Saturn’s rings will one day disappear. They will either disperse (spread out) into space or get sucked into the planet by its pull of gravity. This isn't likely to happen anytime soon, more than likely occurring in ten of millions of years time. Saturn is twice as far away from the Sun as Jupiter is. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is the only moon in the Solar System to possess an atmosphere. Saturn has such a low density (meaning that its particles are far apart) that, if there was an ocean big enough, Saturn would float on it. In comparison, Earth and Mercury would sink to the bottom quickest. OUR SOLAR SYSTEM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmxi3HvK2Js OTHER VIDEO LINKS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLl8sDZRSYg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmyMQ_SdpN c CONCLUSION In conclusion, Earth is the best planet for human and other living things to live because Earth has the right conditions for living things. Earth’s atmosphere is made out of oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide which allow living to breathe easily. Earth is a rocky planet so human will be able to walk easily. Earth isn’t too far nor too close to the sun so it gives enough sunlight and warmth. Its atmosphere is thicker than atmosphere on other planet so it can protect Earth from meteors, direct heat and etc. Earth is the only planet known to contain 70% water- it is the only planet with water. The gravity isn’t too strong nor too weak so people won’t be squashed by the gravity or float easily. Earth has all the conditions needed for living things ti live so that is why Earth is an ideal planet for us to live. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Facts and Stats. http://www.bobthealien.co.uk/satten.htm, 2011. Jupiter Facts for Kids. http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/planets/jupiter.html, Augustn 21 2012. Mars facts for Kids. http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/planets/mars.html, August 21 2012. Mars Facts.http://www.planetfacts.net/Mars-Facts.html Mars. http://www.kidsastronomy.com/mars.htm, KidsKnowIt.com© 1998-2012. The Layers of Mars. http://www.rutgersprep.org/kendall/7thgrade/mars_rover/02_bf/IndexB F.html The Planets Information. http://theanswermachine.tripod.com/id2.html, 2005. BIBLIOGRAPHIES Atmosphere and Planetary Composition. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronom y/planets/jupiter/jupiterinside.shtml, 1999- 2010. Jupiter. http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/jupiter.html, 1997-2006. The Planets. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronom y/planets/, 1998- 2006. Inside Saturn. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronom y/planets/saturn/saturninside.shtml, 1999- 2010. Planet Saturn. http://www.solarsystemquick.com/saturn.htm, 20102012.