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1 Ancient Greece Timeline Neolithic I. Minoan II. Mycenaean III. Dark Ages IV. Archaic Period Late Archaic V. Classical Period Late Classical VI. Hellenistic period VI. Roman Period (7000-3000) (3000-1500) (1600-1100) (1100 BC - 750 BC) (776 BC - 480 BC) (561(480 BC - 323 BC) (404-323) (323 BC - 146 BC) (146 BC - 330 AD) Neolithic (7000-3000) 6500 First Farming in Greece 6000 First settlement in Crete 3400 Bronze Age begins on Crete 3200-2000 Cycladic Island society I. Minoan civilization (3000-1500) 2800 Domed tombs in Crete (Minoan civilization) 2200 Indo-European people (Achaeans) invade Greece creating the Greek language and founding Mycenae 2000 Early Minoan palaces erected at Knossos 1900 Mycenaean arrive on the Greek mainland 1900 Palace of Knossos in Crete earliest writing in Crete 1856 The first immigration into Greece by Inachus began. Greece was already in the possession of powerful tribes, called "The Pelasgi" when the four immigrations of Inachus, Cecrops, 1750 Peak of Minoan civilization in Crete. 1700 Destruction of early Minoan palaces at Crete by earthquake or war 1650 Mycenaean civilization rises 1626 Eruption in Thera causes destruction in Crete II. Mycenaean Greece (Bronze Age) (1600-1100) 1600 Palaces rebuilt at Knossos, Linear A in common use over Crete 1600 Royal tombs of Mycenae 1546 Scamander founded the kingdom of Troy. Homer immortalized its history. 1556 Cecrops, from Egypt, founded Athens. 1500 Peak of Mycenaean civilization. Hittite Empire in Asia Minor. 1470 Volcano destroys Cretan civilization through ash, poisonous vapors, seismic 250 meter high waves. Mycenae established as new cultural center 1450 Mycenaean conquer Minoan Crete, Final destruction of Minoan palaces, Linear B comes into use 1350 Lion Gate of Mycenae built 1266 Tyndareus, father of Helen, became ruler of Sparta. (Greece) 1263 Jason and the Argonauts 1250 Decline and eclipse of Mycenaean civilization. Disastrous fires cripple Mycenaean cities 1240 Hercules (or Heracles) became ruler in Mycenae. 1239 Troy was captured by the Argonauts. 1234 Theseus, the King in Attica, gathered his people into one city, which he named Athens. ( 1228 King Theseus of Attica carried off Helen, daughter of Tyndareus, King of Sparta. (She was rescued by Castor and Pollux, and married to Menelaus, who succeeded Tyndareus as King of Sparta. 1220 Priam, father of Paris, became ruler of Troy. Babylon and Assyria became separate nations again. 1200 Trojan war begins 1200 Sea People in Mediterranean 1194 Paris, son of Priam, visited Greece and carried away Helen, wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta. 1184 City of Troy falls to the Greeks under Agamemnon III. Dark Age (ca.1100 BC - 750 BC) 1100 Fall of the Mycenaean kingdom destroyed by Dorian invaders who have iron weapons 1100 Delphi is the capital of a league of Greek cities (including Sparta and Athens) 1000 Greek colonization of eastern coasts of Aegean. 1000 Temple of Hera at Olympia 950 Greeks found Miletus in Ionia (west coast of Turkey) c. 900 Sparta founded when four villages consolidated 900 Origin of the Homeric poems 2 800 City-states or "polis" (Athens, Thebes, Megara, Corinth, Sparta) 800 Greeks adopt the alphabet from the Phoenicians IV. Archaic Period (776 BC - 480 BC) 776 Traditional date for the first historic Olympic games. 760 Euboea founds the colony of Cumae in Italy 757-720 The first Messenian war Spartan conquest of Messenia 757 Office of Archon reduced to 10 years. Members of the ruling family to hold the office starting with Charops. 754 Polydorus becomes king of Sparta. c.750 Homer composes Iliad and Odyssey c.750 Greek alphabet developed 738 Alternate date for the end of the first Messenian war. 735 Perdiccas flees from Argos to Macedonia and conquers the land. 734 Polydorus sends colonists to Italy. 734 Naxus is the first Hellenic colony in Sicily 733 Corinth founds the Sicilian colony of Syracuse 727-717 Hippomenes, archon of Athens, who killed his daughter's adulterer. c. 725 Lelantine War between Chalcis and Eretria. 725 Hesiod writes the Theogony 719 Polydorus The king of Sparta is murdered by Polymarchus. 716 Reign of Heraklids over Lydia ended when Candaules, known as Myrsilus to Greeks, murdered by Gyges because of wife’s anger. 700-650 Cimmerian raids in Asia Minor 700-650 Phalanx Infantry developed. 700 Lelantine War between Chalcis and Eretria 700 Milesian colonization of Black Sea and approaches; continuous contact with Egypt opened 690 Pheidon becomes tyrant of Argos 687 Annual office of Archon established. Any Athenian citizen can be elected to office if they meet the requirements. Creon elected first annual archon. 685-640 The second Messenian war 683 End of Monarchy in Athens in favor of an oligarchy 670 First Greek coins are minted by king Gyges of Lydia 670 Miletus begins founding colonies both in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea 669 Battle of Hysiae Argos beats Tegea 665 The second Messenian war ends 664 Naval battle between Corinth and Corcyra, the first sea battle known to Thucydides 656 Cypselus subjects Corinth to tyranny 650 Terrace of the lions at Dilos Perdiccas Temenid found the Macedonian kingdom with capital at Aegeae (Vergina) Messenian revolt against Sparta. Tyrtaeus. 'Lycurgan' reform at Sparta. Early Lyric poets. Early sculpture. Cypselus overthrows Bacchiad aristocracy at Corinth. Tyranny at Sicyon. Archilochus 645-560 Spartan wars with Tegea all unsuccessful 642 or 634 Battus establishes a Greek colony in Cyrene in Libya 640 Sparta adopts a militaristic form of government c. 640 Kingdom of Macedon founded. 632 Cylon, Athenian noble, seizes Acropolis and tries to make himself king, fails 630 Thera founds Cyrene 630 Formal pederasty is introduced, first in Crete, as a means of population control and an educational modality 621 Draco, Athenian lawgiver, issues code of laws where everything is punishable by death – Draconian law code 610 Miletus founded a trading post in Egypt 600-570 Cleisthenes tyrant of Sicyon 597 Athenian statesman Solon established government by the rich 595 - 586 Sacred War for control of Delphi 594 Solon founds the Athenian democracy Archonship of Solon, captures Salamis from Megarians Abolishment of the security of debts on the debtor's person, Returning exiled Athenian slaves, Changing the value of weights and measures to the Corinthian standard, prohibiting the export of grain from Attica and encouraging the planting of olives, established the property classes and council of 400. 590 - 580 Pittacus' rule at Mytilene. Poet Sappho flourishes on island of Lesbos. Poet Alcaeus 590 Sappho, Greek poetess and priestess, flourishes on island of Lesbos. 585 Battle between Medes and Lydians interrupted by solar eclipse, allegedly foretold by Thales 585 philosopher Thales in Miletus 3 583 Overthrow of Corinthian tyranny 582 First regular celebration of Pythian games at Delphi 582 Pythian games are established in Delphi and the Isthmian games are established in Corinth 581 Isthmian games 573 Nemean games 570 First coins are minted by Athens 565 Peisistratos, Athenian general, organizes Diakrioi, party of poor people. Late Archaic Period 561 Pisistratus takes power in Athens for first time, 560 ? Spartan defeat in Arcadia 560 Lydian king Croesus conquers Ionia, except Miletus 560 temple of Artemis at Ephesus is built 555 Pisistratus driven out by Lycurgus who leads nobles 550 ? Sparta dominant in Peloponnese. Treaty with Tegea 550 Rise of Persian Empire. 549 Cyrus, king of Persia, conquers Medes, Lydia and Greek city-states in Asia Minor 549 Pisistratus restored by help of Megacles 546 tyrant Peisistratus conquers Athens Sparta forms the Peloponnesian League Pythagoras founded science and philosophy. Croesus, rich king of Lydia, captured at Sardis by Persians 542 Pisistratus expelled, makes fortune from Thracian mines 530 Pythagoras founds Mathematics 528 - 527 Hippias succeeds Peisistratus at Athens 532 Pisistratus restored by Thessaly and Lygdamos of Naxos 527 Pisistratus dies, succeeded by sons Hippias and Hipparchus 525 Tragedy (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides) 525 Persian Darius I, son-in-law of Cyrus the Great takes Egypt 515 Hippias becomes sole ruler after the death of Hipparchus 510 Athens joins the Peloponesean League Sparta expels Hippias from Athens. Conflict between Isagoras and Cleisthenes Pythagoras founded his own school. 508 Cleisthenes grants full rights to all free men of Athens 508 Hippias is forced to leave Athens. 507 Cleisthenes, Greek reformer, takes power, increases democracy 506 Spartan expedition against Athens frustrated by mutiny of Corinthians and others 505 temple to Apollo is built at Delphi 500 First known conference of Peloponnesian League. Heraclitus. Empedocles. 499 - 494 Ionian Revolt against Persia Sack Sardis 498 - 491 Hippocrates tyrant of Gela 498 Earliest dated poem of Pindar 490 Themistocles and Miltiades, Athenians, defeat Darius at Marathon, Phidippides runs with news 485 - 478 Gelon tyrant at Syracuse 485 sophist Protagoras ("Man is the measure of all things") 484 Aeschylus, Athenian playwright, wins Athenian Prize 483 Themistocles persuades Athens to build large fleet 481 both Athens and Sparta join the Hellenic League against Persia IV. Classical Period (480 BC - 323 BC) 480 Thermopylae Battle of Artemisium Battle of Salamis - Themistocles, Athenian general. Syracuse repels an attack by Carthage 479 Pausanias, Greek general routs Mardonius at the Battle of Plataea Battle of Mycale last of Persian fleet destroyed. Sparta formed rival Peloponnesian League 478 - 477 Pausanias recalled to Sparta. 478 Athens founds Delian League. 478-67 Hieron I dictator at Syracuse 478 Pausanias' campaign to Cyprus and Byzantium 476-462 Cimon elected general each year, he was victorious over Persia. 475 - 465 Anti-Spartan movement in Peloponnese 474 Hieron defeats Etruscans at Cumae 4 Pindar, Greek poet moves to Thebes from court at Syracuse 472 Aeschylus presents his first surviving play, The Persae (The Persians) 471 Themistocles ostracized 470? Revolt of Naxos against Athens 469? Cimon's victory over Persians at R. Eurymedon 468 Sophocles, Greek playwright, defeats Aeschylus for Athenian Prize 467 Death of Hieron 465 Revolt of Thasos, Athens invades and destroys city walls. 464 Earthquake at Sparta. 464-54 Messenian Helot revolt 463-31 Pericles public career 462 Reforms of Ephialtes at Athens. Murder of Ephialtes. 461 Pericles promotes the ideals of democracy and peace 461 Cimon ostracized 460 - 454 Athenian expedition to Egypt fails 460-446 Fighting in Greece (First Peloponnesian War) 458 Oresteian trilogy by Aeschylus 458 The Long Walls 457 Golden age in Athens begins 456 Temple of Zeus at Olympia 455 Euripides' first play. Approximate date of Thucydides' birth 454 Treasury of Delos moved to Athens 454 Athens attacks the Persians in Egypt but is defeated 451 Pericles' law restricting Athenian citizenship 450 Great age of Attic tragedy. Parthenon. Herodotus. first bank is founded in Athens by Antisthenes and Archestratos sculptor and architect Pheidias, poet Pindar Hippocrates founds Medicine Temple of Zeus at Olympia 449 Herodotus, Greek Historian, writes History of Greco-Persian War from 490-479 449 Peace of Callias between Athens and Persia 448 Rebuilding of Persian-destroyed Acropolis 447 Parthenon begun 446 Boeotia and Megara revolt from Athenian control. Federal constitution of Boeotia. Spartan invasion of Attica. Thirty Years' Peace between Athens and Sparta 445 Famine in Athens 443-429 Age of Pericles 441 Euripides wins drama prize 440 Heraclitus forms theory of universal flux 440 Revolt of Samos against Athens 438 Parthenon completed 437 Athens founds Amphipolis in Thrace 435 Phidias, Greek sculptor, completes Zeus at Elis 1 of 7 wonders 435-34 War between Corinth and Corcyra 433 Alliance of Athens and Corcyra 432 Revolt of Potidaea; Trials of Aspasia, Pheidias and Anaxagoras 432 End of Golden Age, Athens under Pericles blockades Potidaea (Battle of Potidaea), Corfu declares war on Corinth (Battle of Sybota) 431-404 Peloponnesian war 431-421 Archidamian phase of war 431 Sparta led by Archidamus II sets out to destroy Athens thus starting the Peloponnesian War Empedocles, Greek doctor, believes body has Four Temperaments. 431 Theory of four humors of the body formed by Empedocles 430 Athens has about 200,000 inhabitants Temple of Concord is built at Agrigento (in Sicily) Plague in Athens Trial of Pericles Leucippus, Greek philosopher, believes every natural event has natural cause. Athenian Plague appears in Athens. 429 - 427 Peloponnesian siege of Plataea 429 Phormio, Athenian admiral, wins the Battle of Chalcis Hippocrates, Greek doctor, believes diseases have physical cause Death of Pericles; plague destroys a third of the population. 5 428 Mitylene rebels, chief city of Lesbos 427 - 424 First Athenian expedition to Sicily 427 Archidamus II dies, Alcidas, Greek admiral sent to help Lesbos, raids Ionia and flees after seeing Athenian might Athenian Plague returns Mitylene surrenders to Athens, Plataeans surrender to Athens Aristophanes, Greek playwright, wins Athenian Prize 426 Corfu secures island for Athens Demosthenes, Athenian general, and Cleon, Athenian demagogue, revitalizes Athenian forces, makes bold plans opposed by Nicias, his first military campaign barely succeeds 425 Athenian fleet bottles up Spartan navy at Navarino Bay, Nicias resigns 425 Spartan detachment cut off on Sphacteria near Pylos and forced to surrender 424 Battle of Delium Athens vs. Boeotians 424 Syracuse sends Athenians home Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. Athenian defeat at Delium in Boeotia Brasidas captures Amphipolis. Thucydides exiled from Athens 423 Truce of Laches supposed to stop Brasidas but doesn't, Nicias leads Athenian forces in retaking Mende 422 Cleon meets Brasidas outside of Amphipolis, both are killed (Battle of Amphipolis) 421 Alcibiades comes to the fore of political and military intrigue 421 Peace of Nicias between Sparta and Athens 420 onwards Sporadic fighting in Peloponnese 420 Quadruple alliance of Athens, Argos, Mantinea, and Elis confronts Spartan-Boeotian alliance 419 King Agis, ruler of Sparta, attacks Argos, makes treaty 418 Sparta defeats Athens and Argos at Mantineia 416 Alcibiades makes plans, is restored to power, urges conquest of Sicily and Carthage 415-413 Sicilian Expedition 415 Syracuse with help from Sparta repels an invasion from Athens 415 Hermai are mutilated in Athens, Alcibiades accused is condemned to death in absentia, he defects to Sparta 414 Lemachus, Athenian commander killed at Syracuse 413-404 Decelean phase of war 413 Sparta formally resumes war against Athens, and fortifies Deceleia in Attica. Destruction of Athenian force in Sicily 413 Nicias and Demosthenes killed at Syracuse 412 Persia pays for Spartan fleet. 412 Spartans lose confidence in Alcibiades; he goes to Persia 411 – 410 Oligarchic revolution of the Four Hundred at Athens 411 Democracy ends in Athens by Antiphon, Peisander, and Phrynichus, overthrown by Theramenes, Constitution of the 5000 Athenian navy recalls Alcibiades, confirmed by Athenians Democracy overthrown by oligarchic extremists Antiphon, Peisander and Phrynichus Alcibiades recalled and reelected general 410 the temple of the Erechtheion is built at the Athens acropolis Athenian demagogue Cleophon rejects Sparta peace overtures Spartans and Persians crushed under leadership of Alcibiades 409 Byzantium recaptured by Alcibiades for Athens 408 Alcibiades reenters Athens in triumph, Lysander, a Spartan commander, builds fleet at Ephesus 407 Lysander begins destruction of Athenian fleet, Alcibiades defeated at Notium stripped of power 406 Athenian victory over Spartan fleet at Arginusae. Callicratides, Spartan naval leader Six of the victorious generals condemned to death for not picking up survivors Sparta sues for peace, rejected by Cleophon 405 Lysander captures Athenian fleet, Spartan king Pausanius lays siege to Athens, Cleophon executed, Corinth and Thebes demand destruction of Athens Aristophanes produced The Frogs. Dionysius I tyrant at Syracuse. Athenian fleet defeated at Aegos potami in Hellespont Late Classical 404 Apr 25 Athens capitulates ends Peloponnesian war Theramenes secures terms, prevents total destruction of Athens, Theramenes and Alcibiades are killed Athens is starved into submission; plague sweeps city Revolt of Egypt from Persia. Oligarchy of the Thirty set up at Athens 403 Athenians restore the democracy 401 March of Cyrus the Younger against Artaxerxes II. Cyrus killed at Cunaxa. Retreat of the Ten Thousand to the sea with Xenophon 400 - 395 Spartan campaigns against Persians in Asia Minor 400 Comedy (Aristophanes) 399 Socrates, Greek philosopher, condemned to death for corrupting youth. 399-60 Agesilaus king at Sparta 6 396 Siege of Syracuse by Carthaginians who withdraw after plague in their camp 395 Athens rebuilds the Long Walls 395 Athens, Argos, Corinth and Thebes revolt against Sparta and Persia attacks Sparta ("Corinthian war") 395 Battle at Haliartus and death of Lysander 394 Spartan victories at Nemea River and Coroneia 392 Spartan victory at Lechaeum outside Corinth. Negotiations for peace; first mention of 'Common Peace'. Democratic revolution in Corinth 391-87 Dionysius subjugates south Italy 390 Iphicrates destroys Spartan mora 390 Evagoras hellenizes Cyprus 388 Plato, a pupil of Socrates, founds his philosophical Academy, the first university 387 Peace of Antalcidas concluded between the Greeks and the Persians. 383 Spartans seize citadel of Thebes 379 - 378 Liberation of Thebes 378-54 Second Athenian Empire 378 - 371 Athens and Thebes at war with Sparta 378 Sphodrias' march against Peiraeus. His acquittal at Sparta. Formation of Second Athenian Confederacy 375 Plato writes the "Republic" 373 Destruction of temple of Apollo at Delphi 371 Battle of Leuctra, Thebes defeats Sparta, first defeat by Sparta in its entire history 370 Murder of Jason of Pherae 367 Death of Dionysius I; succession of Dionysius II. Plato at Syracuse 362 Battle of Mantineia; death of Epameinondas 361 Plato's third visit to Syracuse 359 Accession of Philip II of Macedon 357-46 War between Athens and Macedonia 357 Dion 'liberates' Syracuse 357-46 Exile of Dionysius II 356 Temple of Artemis at Ephesus is rebuilt 356-46 Second Sacred War 356 Birth of Alexander the Great 354 Assassination of Dion 354 Tomb for King Mausolus built at Halicarnassus. Demosthenes' first public speech 346 Peace of Philocrates between Athens and Philip. Philip ends Sacred War 344 Philip II of Macedonia conquers Thessaly, Illyria, Epirus 344 Expedition of Timoleon to Sicily 343 Demosthenes' unsuccessful prosecution of Aeschines. 342-38 Aristotle tutor to Alexander 340 Hellenic league established 340 Resumption of war between Athens and Philip 338 Battle of Chaeronea - Philip II defeats Athens and Thebes and unites several eastern Greek cities (League of Corinth) 336 Philip assassinated; succeeded by Alexander 335 Aristotle founds the Lyceum of Athens Alexander destroys Thebes 334 Battle of Granicus, Alexander defeats the Persian army at the Dardanelles 334 Siege of Halicarnassus 333 Battle of Issus, Alexander defeats Persians 332 Siege of Tyre 332 Alexander conquers Egypt 331 Oct 1, Battle of Gaugamela 330 Alexander takes Persepolis; atomic theory of Democritus is developed 329 Alexander conquers Bactria and Sogdiana 327 Alexander invades Northern India 326 Battle of Hysdaspes, army refuses to march further eastwards. 325 Voyage of Nearchus 324 Exile of Demosthenis 324 Comedies of Menader V. Hellenistic Period (323 BC - 146 BC) 323 Alexander dies, his generals vie for power in Wars of the Diadochi 323 - 322 Lamian War. 322 Death of Aristotle 322 - 320 First War of the Diadochi. 320 Partition of Triparadisus. 7 320 - 311 Second War of the Diadochi. 317 Cassander kills Alexander's son and seizes power in Greece and Macedonia 316 Menander, Greek playwright, wins Athenian prize. 312 Seleucos captures Babylon and founds Seleucid kingdom 310 Aristarchus believes in a heliocentric world 310 Zeno of Citium founds his stoic school in Athens. 307 Epicurus founds his philosophic school in Athens. 301 Battle of Ipsus. Kingdom of Antigonos falls. 300 Museum of Alexandria founded. Euclid writes the Elements of Geometry 300 Epicureanism (Epicurus) and stoicism (Zeno) 297 Cassander dies 295 Athens falls to Demetrius, Lachares killed. 290 Colossus of Rhodes is built 281 Creation of the Achaean League. 280 - 275 Pyrrhic War. 279 Celts invade Thrace and Anatolia 278 Colossus of Rhodes 277 Antigonus II Gonatos defeats the Gauls and becomes king of Macedonia 277 Gauls invade Asia Minor 274 Pyrrhus invades Macedonia and Greece 274 - 271 First Syrian War. 272 Antigonus II Gonatos defeats Pyrrhus 267 - 262 Chremonidean War. 265 Archimedes, Greek mathematician, develops screw, specific gravity, center of gravity 261 Antigonus II Gonatos conquers Athens 260 - 253 Second Syrian War. 250 scientist Archimedes 246 - 241 Third Syrian War. 239 Antigonus II Gonatos dies and is succeeded by Demetrius II 239 Foundation of Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 238 Foundation of Parthian Kingdom 229 Athens achieves independence 219 - 217 Fourth Syrian War. 217 Battle of Raphia, Egypt defeats Antiochus III 216 Philip V of Macedonia allies with Hannibal of Carthage 214 - 205 First Macedonian War. 203 - 200 Fifth Syrian War. 201 Chios besieged by Phillip 200 - 196 Second Macedonian War. 198 Battle of Panion Seleucids win control of Palestine. 197 Philip V of Greece is defeated by the Romans at Kynoskephalai 192 - 188 Roman–Syrian War. 190 Battle of Magnesia Romans beat Antiochus III 179 Philip V dies and is succeeded by Perseus 172 - 167 Third Macedonian War. 170 - 168 Sixth Syrian War. 168 Romans defeat Perseus and end the Antigonid dynasty 150 - 148 Fourth Macedonian War. 149 Romans annex Macedonia as a province VI. Roman Period (146 BC - 330 AD) 146 Destruction of Corinth 133 Attalus III bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman people. 129 Creation of the province of Asia. 89 - 85 First Mithridatic War. 89 Mithriades VI of Pontus leads a revolt against Rome 86 Roman general Sulla defeats Mithridates and burns Athens 83 - 81 Second Mithridatic War. 73 - 63 Third Mithridatic War. 31 Battle of Actium. 30 Romans conquer all of Greece