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AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 5.1-5.2 and 26 – The Prokaryotes Chapters 5.1-5.2, 26, and 36.4 The Structure and Ecological Importance of Prokaryotes __________________________________________________________________________________ 1. State the cell theory and the three important implications. 2. List the typical size of a: ________ Plant and animal cell _________ Bacterial cell ________ Chloroplast _________ Virus ________ Protein 3. Why are cells so small? Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio. 4. Cells specialized in absorption/neurotransmission have modifications that do what? 5. Define magnification versus resolving power. Why can electron light microscopes resolve two points better? 6. Describe the principles, advantages and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron and the scanning electron microscope. 7. Summarize the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 8. Name the two major prokaryotic domains AND their characteristics. Why the division? Page 1 of 7 AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 5.1-5.2 and 26 – The Prokaryotes PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE 9. Roughly sketch a bacterial cell, label its parts and state a function for each using the list of terms below. Be sure to describe the composition of each, where applicable, in regards to bacterial structure/function: cell envelope, mesosomes, cell wall, plasmid, and nucleoid. 10. Describe how the cellular structure of cyanobacteria aids in their ability to undergo photosynthesis without true chloroplasts. 11. What are the roles of flagella, fimbriae, and sex pili in bacteria. 12. Define the role/composition of the following prokaryotic structures: a. Peptidoglycan b. Flagella c. Fimbriae d. Sex pilus Page 2 of 7 AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 5.1-5.2 and 26 – The Prokaryotes e. Plasmid 13. Summarize the differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. REPRODUCTION 14. Describe binary fission. Is this a sexual or asexual form of reproduction? 15. Does sexual reproduction occur in prokaryotes? 16. Why does the bacterial genome change so rapidly and what are three mechanisms of genetic recombination? 17. Listed below are descriptions and examples of the different types of recombination in bacteria. Classify each type as: A. B. C. transformation transduction conjugation __________ Bacteria assimilate genetic material from surroundings __________ Bacteria take up DNA from environment __________ Gene transfer from one bacterium to another via bacteriophage __________ Direct transfer of genes between two bacteria temporarily joined by sex pili __________ DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus __________ A plasmid is exchange between two bacteria through a pilus __________ Bacterial strains A and B are growing together in a colony that has been infected with viruses. After a short period of time, a new strain of bacteria is detected that is very similar to strain A but has a few characteristics of B. __________ The conversion of live R strain Steptococcus pneumoniae into S strain when Page 3 of 7 AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 5.1-5.2 and 26 – The Prokaryotes heat-killed S strain is added to R strain __________ E. coli bacteria take up plasmid using CaCl2 and heat shock. NUTRITION 18. Prokaryotes differ greatly in the type of metabolism and nutrient requirements. Contrast obligate and facultative anaerobes. How do these bacteria differ from aerobic organisms? 19. Define photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic. 20. Photoautotrophic bacteria can be subdivided by whether they release what? How do these bacteria differ in the types of photosystems and photoactive pigments they contain? Green sulfur and purple bacteria are examples of which type of autotroph? Which type is more similar to plants and algae? 21. Explain the ecological significance of chemoautotrophs. 22. Define chemoheterotrophic decomposers. How is the decomposer method (call saprotrophs or saprobes) of nutrition different from ingesting dead meat or plant material? DETERMINING PROKARYOTE PHYLOGENY 23. What are the phenotypic features that are used to classify bacteria? Page 4 of 7 AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 5.1-5.2 and 26 – The Prokaryotes 24. What other characteristics/methods are used to classify bacteria? 25. Explain why rRNA is particulary useful for evolutionary studies. 26. What is horizontal (lateral) gene transfer? 27. What would be an evolutionary advantage of horizontal gene transfer? 28. Why does the ability of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria make rooting the tree life difficult? DOMAIN BACTERIA 29. Read through Section 26.4 and list the names of some prokayotes that belong to the Domain Bacteria below. 30. List characteristics of the Cyanobacteria – be sure to describe heterocysts. a. How is photosynthesis similar to plants? b. What is the significance of cyanobacteria to early Earth? Page 5 of 7 AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 5.1-5.2 and 26 – The Prokaryotes c. Why are nutritional requirements of cyanobacteria so minimal? DOMAIN ARCHAEA 31. Compare and contrast Domain bacteria and Domain Archaea. 32. Are Eukarya more closely related to the Bacteria or Archaea, and why. 33. Being as specific as possible, list the differences and similarities between Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea that are used to justify the 3-Domain system. 34. List the various unique structures and functions of Archaea. IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES (ALSO SEE 36.4) 35. Summarize the importance of prokaryotes in the following capacities: a. Nutrient cycling b. Formation of O2 in the atmosphere of early Earth c. Pathogens Page 6 of 7 AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 5.1-5.2 and 26 – The Prokaryotes 36. How is nitrogen ‘fixed’? What is the name of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in the nodules on the roots of legume plants? 37. Diagram the N-cycle, detailing the role of plants and bacteria in the cycle. 38. What are lichens? Describe their ecological importance. 39. Define pathogen. Why do pathogens affect only specific tissues? 40. How do bacterial toxins affect host cells? Give an example. Page 7 of 7