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Ch 18- Civil Rights Movement in the United States 2014
Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
After the Civil War the 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments were added to the Constitution to
help insure African American Rights.
- Not until the 1950’s and 1960’s did many African Americans begin to enjoy the
rights these amendments were to provide
Why?
o
Segregation – Jim Crow laws, ______________________________
o
Denial of voting rights- Poll Taxes, Grandfather Clause
o
Black codes
- The Civil Rights Movement gained momentum with the _______________ v.
Topeka, Board of Education case in 1954.
o The Supreme Court over-ruled segregation in public schools—overturning
the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896, and its
_________________________ doctrine.
o This ruling called for many changes in schools including forced
desegregation
o NAACP defense team fought segregation since the 1930’s– Charles
Hamilton Houston and ___________________________
o Many southern states protested the decision
With court support, many people began to protest segregation barriers throughout the
United States.
1955- Rosa Parks incident- She was arrested for refusing to move
to a different part of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama.
This led to the ______________________________, led by Martin Luther King Jr., a
Baptist minister.
In 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in Public transportation was illegal.
Martin Luther King, Jr. and non-violent protests
He had a religious influence- Baptist preacher
- Mohandas ______________________also influenced him greatly
o Gandhi was a non-violent leader in India
 Protested unjust laws
 and taught followers to love oppressors and never fight
SCLC- ________________________________________
King formed this organization to help promote Civil Rights
NAACP________________________________________________________________
One of the leading people that helped fight segregation in the first half of the
1900’s was Charles Hamilton Houston-
Helped with the Brown Case- lawyer Thurgood Marshall worked for them, and later
became the 1st Af. Am. Supreme Court Justice
1957- Under Pres. Eisenhower’s direction, Congress passed the first Civil Right law since
the Reconstruction era. This Act created a special civil rights division in the Department
of Justice, to seek court injunctions against those who denied anyone constitutional
rights.
Little Rock, Arkansas- ___________________________________
A federal court ordered that 9 African American students be admitted to an all white
school.
Arkansas governor __________________________, defied the court order and
sent in the National Guard to prevent the students from attending.
These students became known as the “______________________Nine”
Pres. Eisenhower finally persuaded Faubus to remove the troops, but angry mobs kept the
students out of the school. This led Eisenhower to send in 10,000 federalized National
Guardsmen to provide the student safety to attend the school.
All of these events combined mark the beginning of the Civil Right movement in a
positive direction for minorities.
----By the beginning of the 1960’s, the Civil Rights movement was becoming more
nationwide.
Non-violent protests continued, and sit-ins became popular. Sit-ins were a form
of non-violent protests used by minorities to try to get service by businesses who refused
service. They were often used at lunch counters
In Greensboro, North Carolina in Feb. of 1960, 4 black students used a sit-in until served
at a local lunch counter.
By 1961, 70,000 students were using this tactic to get service of some type.
Kennedy Administration
JFK campaigned that he would be supportive of civil rights, bus was very cautious until
1963.
1961- “___________________________” - Alabama
Protestors boarded buses and rode them into segregated terminals. They were
acted upon violently by racists and Kennedy had to use federal Marshals to restore peace
in Alabama.
From 1961-63 there were 6 times as many civil rights cases heard as in the Eisenhower
years
Birmingham, Alabama- Police turn vs. Protestors
- This violence pushed Kennedy to support King and the Civil rights activists and
he sent 3,000 troops here to restore peace.
- ----------------------------------------
1962 & 63- Pres. Kennedy used Federal Marshals and National Guard troops to allow Af.
Am. Students to attend Universities, against what the governors of those states wanted.
1962- James Meredith at University of Mississippi- although backed by a court
order, Governor Ross Barnett declared that Mississippi would not surrender to tyranny,
and Kennedy sent in marshals to all Meredith to enter the university and attend classes,
however a mob did kill 2 other people.
June 1963- another confrontation of state vs. federal power takes place in
Alabama. Governor _______________________________ refused to
desegregate the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. Kennedy orders in
federalized Alabama National Guard to allow Af. Americans to attend, and
Wallace backed down.
These conflicts convinced Pres. Kennedy more legislation against segregation and
discrimination was needed- he proposes laws on forbidding segregation in stores,
restaurants, hotels, and theaters, and that would prohibit discrimination in
employment.
School segregation continued though, with desegregation being slow with most
African American children in the south still attending all- black schools
March on Washington
“Million Man March”- ___________________________________
August 1963 ~ 200,000 demonstrators held a Civil Rights demonstration in front of the
Lincoln Memorial to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Here Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” speech
1964 July 2nd- _____________________________________________ passed
Provided
-Equal access to public facilities & private businesses serving the public
-Forbid discrimination in education & employment
-strengthened right to vote, followed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965
1964- 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
-Prohibited ______________ Taxes_
FEPC- Federal Equal Protection Clause
- established in the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, it has provided a
constitutional basis for many civil rights cases- the clause “no state shall” violate rights
that the federal government has granted to all “persons”- this is supplemented by a “due
process clause” also in the 14th Amendment. This has also allowed for “incorporation” of
the Bill of Rights by the Supreme Court, on a selective basis, to apply these rights not
only to the Federal Government, but to force the STATES to also protect certain rights in
the U.S. Constitution
http://www.answers.com/topic/equal-protection-clause?cat=biz-fin
Radical Protestors
The Rise of radical protests by African Americans in the 1960’s was due to
1. __________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _______________________________________
Black Muslims & “The Nation of Islam”
The organization of “Black Muslims” was established in the 1930’s during the
Great Depression when African Americans were not benefiting from “the NEW DEAL”
Leader was Elijah Muhammed
This organization called for “____________________________” which was
- a complete separation from whites & their society
- to develop their own black nation- or culture
- self defense- use violence when necessary
Early 1960’s Elijah Muhammed & ________________________ helped to
popularize Black nationalism.
1964- Malcolm X changed his views, instead wanting an “integrated”
society where blacks & whites coexist. He changed his views after taking his
“hajj” or pilgrimage to Mecca, where he saw people from all over the globe that
were Muslim worshipping together.
From the ideas of Black Nationalism, other groups formed
1966- SNCC- Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee- led by Stokely Carmichael
Developed the idea of Black Power- where they wanted African Americans to
regain control of all aspects of their lives, social-political-economic
-wanted separation from whites
-would use violence if provoked, or if necessary
- the NAACP rejected these ideas but, Black Power began to make on impact on civil
rights.
CORE- Congress of Racial Equality- at first the Committee on Racial Equality another group that advocated civil rights- focused on Non-violent protesting
http://www.core-online.org/Features/what-is-core.htm
Black Panthers
-the most violent group of protestors
-wanted Af. Americans to arm themselves, and force whites to give them their
civil rights
Riots in cities
-Many of these occurred outside the South
-some occurred due to incidents between police & African Americans
Why were people in the North, or former free states upset about civil rights???
- African Americans here were already desegregated, but they wanted to be more
“integrated” into the mainstream culture and economy
-most conflict here was due to not being treated equally socially, and
economically- even though states governments didn’t necessarily discriminate like they
did in the deep South.
-minorities outside the south wanted better lives than they already had, better
paying jobs, better homes, more property.- they felt like they could achieve more and
access the “American Dream”
Riots took place in Harlem, NY in July 1964, Philly, Chicago
The Watts Riot- in LA, in August 1965 left 34 people dead, led to ~3,000 arrests and
about $20 million in property damage.
-1990’s repeated with __________________________in the Watts,
area also
-----------------------------------------------Women’s Rights- this movement wanted to extend beyond voting rights, and help gain
women equal job opportunities and more equal pay
Betty Friedan- - Heralded as the leader of the feminist movement of the late 20th
Century.
Author of The Feminine Mystique which called for aid to women & families, like
increased childcare, flexible work schedules, & equal pay.- see page 636 in book.
N.O.W.- National Organization of Women
This was seen as a feminist group- they wanted women to have more rights and
be allowed equal job opportunities- their support led to the proposal of E.R.A.
E.R.A.- ___________________________________- 1972- a Constitutional Amendment
PROPOSED, but FAILED, and some women were actually against it, thinking their
rights should already be protected in the Constitution, and that they didn’t necessarily
need equal protection in every aspect of life.
Title IX (9)- Passed by Congress in 1972- outlaws discrimination in schools-academics,
& athletics. Has led to more gender equity
A.I.M.- ________________________________________________
http://www.aimovement.org/
Founded in 1968 in Minnesota as a way to be less passive in its expectations, and
involvement in politics and used the media to make its point clear to the public.
Early 1970’s- led movements/takeovers/standoffs against U.S. government
“Pine Ridge” and “Wounded Knee”
Still active today in trying to change college and h.s. mascots
The following website lists many civil rights organizations that are still active today, and
also includes a timeline of the Civil Rights Movement
http://www.hr4me.com/civil_rights_orgs.htm
Many of the gains made during this time have led to the government overseeing equal
employment opportunities and educational opportunities and affirmative action programs
Affirmative actionaffirmative action, in the United States, programs to overcome the effects of past
societal discrimination by allocating jobs and resources to members of specific groups,
such as minorities and women. The policy was implemented by federal agencies
enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and two executive orders, which provided that
government contractors and educational institutions receiving federal funds develop such
programs. The Equal Employment Opportunities Act (1972) set up a commission to
enforce such plans. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0802658.html