* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cells Are Made Of Molecules
Survey
Document related concepts
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Size-exclusion chromatography wikipedia , lookup
Physical organic chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Hypervalent molecule wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
History of molecular theory wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Chemical biology wikipedia , lookup
Abiogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Cells Are Composed Of Complex Molecules Made By Cells Themselves From Simpler Molecules That Enter The Cell From Outside The Cell I. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds OBJECTIVES: 1. SWBAT recognize the importance of carbon as the backbone of biological molecules 2. SWBAT define organic compounds 3. SWBAT explain why there is a large variety of organic compounds 4. SWBAT explain the “unity within diversity” concept as it pertains to biological molecules 5. SWBAT identify carbon skeletons in organic molecules A. Compounds that contain the element _______________ are said to be ______________________ B. The element _______________ is so important that a whole branch of chemistry is set aside just to study ________________ containing ________________________ 1. Almost all the molecules a living cell makes are composed of __________________ atoms. 2. ____________ serves as the backbone of biological molecules C. _________ has two important properties that make it important to living things 1. Each carbon atom can form ___________ stable, strong, ________ bonds. a. thus carbon can bond with: _________________________ _________________________ __________________________ 1 __________________________ ____________________________ 2. ___________ can bond to ______________ forming: a. ________________ of various sizes b. _________________ of various sizes c. ________________ structures d. ___________, double, or ____________ covalent bonds D. Thus there is an enormous variety of carbon based __________________ E. Carbon enters the biosphere through the action of ______________ in a process called _____________________________ 1. Plants use the _____________ from the sun to transform ___________ (CO2) in the atmosphere into the __________________ of life. 2. These molecules are then passed along to ______________ that feed on the ____________________. II. Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules that enter cells from outside the cells OBJECTIVES: 1. SWBAT relate monomers to polymers 2. SWBAT compare and contrast hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis 3. SWBAT relate the “unity within diversity” concept to macromolecules A. Life’s molecules are considered to be _________________ molecules 1. Called ____________________________ 2. Life’s macromolecules are classified into __________ main categories a. ______________________________ b. _______________________________ 2 c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ B. Cells make most of their ____________________ molecules by joining smaller ______________ molecules into chains, called ____________ 1. Polymers are ______________ molecules consisting of many ________________ or similar molecular units strung together 2. The units that serve as the building blocks of ________________ are called __________________________ C. Living cells make a vast number of different _______________________ 1. There are about a ____________________ different kinds of _____________ found in nature. 2. Cells make all of its diverse ______________________ from a small number of ________________________ (40-50) D. The variety of ___________________ account for the uniqueness of each __________________________ 1. The __________________ used to make __________________ Are essentially __________________________ 2. The ___________________ are just arranged in different ______________________ E. Cells link _____________________ together to make ________________ by a process called __________________________________ 1. All unlinked monomers have: a. ____________________ atoms 3 b. ____________________ groups 2. For each __________________ added to a chain, a water molecule is _____________________________ 3. Two _____________________ contribute to the __________ molecule a. One _______________ loses a ___________ group b. The other _______________ loses a ______________ atom. 4. As this occurs a new __________________ bond forms linking the two ______________________ together F. Cells not only make ________________________________, they also have to break them down by a process called __________________ 1. Cells break bonds between __________________ by adding ________________________ a. a _____________________ group from water molecule joins to one ________________________________ b. A _____________________ atom joins to the adjacent ___________________________ 2. Foods ingested are often ________________________ that are digested by the process of ____________ and their ____________ become available to the cell. III. Monosaccharide’s are the simplest carbohydrates OBJECTIVES: 4 1. SWBAT analyze the basic structure and function of sugars 2. SWBAT relate monosaccharides to disaccharides B. The name __________________ refers to a class of molecules ranging from simple _________________ to large ________________________ 1. _____________________ are long _______________ made up of sugar _____________________ 2. _____________________ are the carbohydrate ______________ 3. ____________________ are simple or single unit ____________ 4. Simple sugars or _____________________ can be linked together by __________________________ to form more complex ________________ and _____________________ C. ___________________ contain the elements ________________ _____________________ and _________________________ usually in a ____________________ ratio 1. Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are some multiple of _________________________ 2. Glucose, for example, is multiple of _________ thus has formula _____________________________ D. Glucose and Fructose have same molecular formula but different ______________________ formulas 1. Known as ________________________ 2. Differ only in their __________________ of atoms 3. _______________ have different properties from each other E. _________________________ can have ____________ skeletons 5 consisting of ___________ to ____________ carbons 1. Five carbon monosaccharides are called _______________ a. ___________________________________ b. __________________________________ 2. Six carbon sugars are called ________________________ a. ____________________________ b. _____________________________ c. ______________________________ F. In aqueous solutions many ________________________ form _______ structures. G. _________________, particularly ______________, are the main fuel molecules for cellular work. 1. Cells also use the _____________ skeleton of monosaccharides as raw material for synthesizing other _____________________ 2. Also serve as _______________ for larger _________________ H. Cells link simple sugars together to form __________________________ 1. Disaccharides are _____________ sugars formed by the process of _____________________ __________________ 2. Examples of disaccharides include: a. Maltose Glucose + _________________ _________ sugar 6 b. Lactose Glucose + ____________________ _________ sugar Glucose + _______________ ________ sugar Main ____________ in plant sap c. Sucrose IV. Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units (monosaccharides) OBJECTIVES: 1. SWBAT distinguish between storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides 2. SWBAT compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose 3. SWBAT identify polysaccharides A. _______________________ are ________________ of a few hundred to a Few thousand ______________________ linked together by _____________ B. __________________________ can be classified as _________________ polysaccharides or ____________________ polysaccharides 1. ________________ polysaccharides are broken down by cells when it needs to obtain ___________________ a. Starch is a _________________________ in plants b. Starch consists entirely of glucose ____________________ c. _______________ is broken down into glucose by ______________________ d. Animals store excess sugar in the form of the Polysaccharide called ___________________ 7 e. _______________ also consists entirely of _____________ monomers but is more ___________________ f. Most glycogen is stored in _______________ and __________________ cells 2. Structural polysaccharides serve as building material for structures that protect _____________ and support whole _________________ a. Cellulose, the most _______________ organic compound on earth, forms the _______________ of plants b. ________________ also consists of monomers of _____________________________ c. _______________ can’t be broken down by _____________________ in most animals d. The cellulose in plant foods that passes unchanged thru our digestive tract is known as _______________ V. Lipids, including fats, are nonpolar and hydrophobic macromolecules that serve as long term energy storage, insulations, & cushioning OBJECTIVES: 1. SWBAT describe the structure and function of fats 2. SWBAT distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids 3. SWBAT explain the hydrophobic nature of lipids A. Lipids are _______________ compounds 1. Consist mainly of ______________ and _______________ Atoms 2. Linked by __________________ covalent bonds 8 B. Lipid molecules are thus _______________________ C. Fat are one type of ________________________ 1. Main function is ________________ storage 2. One gram of fat stores more than _____________ as much ______________ as carbohydrates 3. _________________ & _______________ are two other functions of fat. D. A fat is a large ______________ made from _______ kinds of smaller molecules 1. _______________________ a. an ____________________ b. three _____________ each bearing a ___________ group c. Example 2. ___________________________ a. Hydrocarbon chain with about ________ carbons b. Most carbons in chain are linked to _________ atoms by ________________ covalent bonds c. Hydrocarbon chain is thus __________________________ d. A ________________ group is attached to one end of ________________________ chain e. Example: 9 E. Fatty acid molecules link to _____________ by ___________________ 1. A fat consists of ________ fatty acids linked to one _________________ molecule a. Result of ________________________________ occurring at all three ________________ sites on glycerol b. Example: 2. A synonym for fat is thus _______________________________ F. The three fatty acids in a fat may be three _______________ kinds G. Some fatty acids contain _______________ bonds 1. Cause kinks in the _____________ chain 2. Prevents carbon skeleton from bonding to maximum number of ____________________ atoms 3. Fatty acids with __________ bonds are said to be ____________ 4. Fatty acids with the maximum number _______________ atoms are said to be ________________________ H. The kinks in _____________________ fats prevent the molecules from packing tightly together. 1. Thus, __________________ at room temperature 2. Corn oil, __________ oil, and other ______________ oils are __________________________ fats I. Hydrogenated vegetable oils refers to __________________ fats that have 10 been converted to _______________ fats by adding ________________ J. Most plant fats are _____________________ oils, whereas most animal fats are __________________________ 1. Thus butter and lard are _____________ at room temperature 2. __________________ fats are unhealthy a. Contributes to __________________________ b. Contributes to ________________________ VI. Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are other types of lipids OBJECTIVES: 1. SWBAT describe the structure and function of phospholipids, waxes, and steroids A. Phospholipids are major components of ________________________ 1. Structurally similar to ____________ a. One ______________ linked to ________ fatty acids b. A __________________ group attaches to the third ______________ group of glycerol 2. Thus a phospholipids has: a. Polar, hydrophilic region known as the ___________________________________ b. Non polar, ________________ fatty acid tail c. Represented in drawings as: B. Waxes consist of one _____________ linked to an alcohol 1. More ____________________ than fats 11 a. Makes waxes natural coating for ____________ b. Many animals, especially insects, also have _________ coats 2. Waxes prevent _________________ out C. Steroids are lipids whose __________ skeleton is bent to form ______ Fused rings 1. All steroids have the same ________ pattern a. ________ six sided rings b. _______ five sided rings 2. Cholesterol is a _________________________ a. Found in animal cell ________________ but not ______________ cells b. Cholesterol is the starting material for making other ____________________ 3. Steroids include male and female _______ _______________ 4. Too much ________________ in blood contributes to Arterial and heart disease VII. Proteins are essential to the structure and activities of life OBJECTIVES: 1. SWBAT describe the function of proteins A. A protein is a ______________ constructed from _______________ Monomers 1. Each of us has tens of thousands of different kinds of _______ 2. Each ____________ has a unique 3-dimensional shape 12 (_______________________) that corresponds to a specific ______________________ B. Proteins are important to the ______________ of cells and organisms And participate in everything they ________ C. There are _______ major classes of proteins 1. Structural proteins a. _______________________ b. __________________________ c. __________________________ 2. Contractile proteins a. ___________________________ b. _____________________________ 3. Storage proteins a. Storage of ______________________ b. Egg white (ovalbumin) a protein that stores ___________________ in eggs c. Plants have storage proteins in ______________ d. Caesin, protein in milk, is the major source of ________ for baby ____________________________ 4. Defense proteins a. Protection against _________________ b. ______________ are proteins that fight __________ 5. Transport proteins 13 a. Transport other _______________________ b._______________, a protein, carries oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body 6. Signal proteins a. ________________ are proteins that carry messages from one part of the body to another 7. Enzymes a. Probably, the most ______________ proteins b. Promote and _______________ every chemical reaction in a cell c. Speeds up _________________ reactions without itself being ___________________ VIII. Proteins are made from just twenty kinds of amino acids OBJECTIVES: 1. SWBAT describe the structure of amino acids 2. SWBAT determine properties of amino acids 3. SWBAT describe how amino acids link to form polypeptide chains A. Of all life’s molecules, _______________ are the most diverse in structure and ___________________ 1. Diversity is due to different __________________ of a universal set of ________ amino acids 2. All amino acids have a central ____________ (_________) 3. ________________ bonded to the central carbon of all amino acids are: a. An ______________ group b. A _________________ group 14 c. A _________________ atom d. ______________ (side chain, variable group) 4. Each of the twenty amino acids have a different _____________ a. R groups determine the specific _____________ of each Amino acid in a protein b. R groups can be nonpolar (___________________) c. R groups can be polar (_________________________) d. R groups can be electrically charged (_______________) *Negatively charged amino acids are ______________ *_____________ charged amino acids are alkaline B. Amino acids can be linked by _______________ bonds 1. Cells link amino acids by __________________________ a. The _______________ group of one amino acid must be positioned next to the _____________ group of another ______________________ b. A ______________ molecule is removed as the carbon atom of the ______________ group bonds with the _______________ of the amino group c. The resulting covalent linkage is called a _____________ 2. The product of the reaction is called a _____________________ because it was made from _________ amino acids a. Additional amino acids can be added by the same process to form a chain of _____________ ________________ 15 b. Called a _______________________________ 3. ________________________ range in length from a few _____________ to a thousand or more. IX. A proteins specific shape determines its function OBJECTIVES: 1. SWBAT describe the levels of protein organization 2. SWBAT describe the factors that influence protein shape A. A protein consists of one or more _____________________ chains folded into a unique shape 1. The molecules specific 3-dimensional shape determines its specific _____________________ 2. Nearly all proteins must recognize and bind to some other ____________________ in order to function B. In a process called ___________________, polypeptide chains unravel 1. ____________ specific shape 2. Lose ___________________ C. Change in _________, ______________________, or ________________ can denature many ____________________ D. Proteins can have _____________ levels of structural organization 1. ________________ ____________________ a. Sequence of amino acids forming its _______________ chain b. Includes the ______________ of amino acids, _________ of amino acids and their order. 16 c. In order for any protein to perform its specific function It must have the correct collection of ________ ________ arranged in a ________________ order d. Even a slight change in a protein’s ______________ structure may affect its overall shape and its ability to __________________ e. Sickle cell anemia is due to a single ____________ change in the protein _______________________ 2. ________________ _______________________ a. Due to polypeptide coiling or folding produced by _________________ b. Parts of the polypeptide chain _________ or fold into local patterns c. Results in secondary structures called _________________ or _______________________________ d. Patterns are maintained by regular spaced ______________ bonds between the _______________ group and the __________________ groups along the polypeptide chain 3. _________________ _____________________ a. Refers to overall _________________________ shape of polypeptide b. Most ________________________ shapes can be described as _____________ or __________________ c. Tertiary structure results from interactions among the 17 polypeptides ____________________________ hydrophobic interactions _____________________ _________ bonding _____________ bonds 4. ________________ ________________________ a. Many proteins consist of two or more _________________ or subunits b. Quaternary structure results from bonding interactions The subunits or ____________________________ X. Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are responsible for transmitting genetic information. The genetic information stored in DNA is used to assemble thousands of proteins that each cell requires. OBJECTIVES: 1. SWBAT describe the structure and function of nucleic acids 2. SWBAT explain the importance of nucleic acids to living things A. The nucleic acids are ________________ that serve as the blue prints for ___________________ B. There ate two types of ___________________________ 1. ___________________________________ (_______) a. The genetic material that organisms inherit from from their parents consist of ______________ b. Within the DNA are _____________, specific stretches of the molecule that programs the ____________________ sequence (______________________________) 18 c. In determining the primary structure of proteins, ___________ determine the specific ____________ structure and therefore the ________________ of proteins d. Thus, through the action of ________________, DNA Controls the life of the __________ and the ________ 2. ________________________________ (___________) a. DNA works through an intermediary called ____________ b. DNA’s information is _________________ into RNA, which is then ______________________ into the primary structure of _____________ ________________ C. The monomers that make up Nucleic acids are called _________________ 1. Each _________________ has three parts a. ______ carbon sugar (________________) ________________________ in DNA ___________________ in RNA b. Linked to one end of sugar in both ___________ and ______________ is a functional group called a ______________________________ c. At the other end of the sugar is one of a number of chemical units called ________________ (___________________________________) *DNA has the nitrogen bases: 19 ________________________ ___________________________ ______________________________ _____________________________ *RNA has the nitrogen bases o _____________________________ o _____________________________ o ______________________________ o _____________________________ 2. Like polysaccharides and polypeptides, a ______________ polymer forms from its monomers by ________________ a. The phosphate group of one ___________________ bonds to the sugar of another __________________ b. Forms a sugar-phosphate ______________________ 3. RNA consists of a single _____________________________ But DNA is a _____________________________ a. Two _____________________________ chains wrapped around each other. b. The nitrogenous bases protrude from the two sugar-phosphate backbones into the center of the ________________ 4. The nitrogenous bases pair up as such: a. ____________________________ 20 b. _____________________________ 5. The nitrogenous bases are held together by ________________ D. DNA molecules are very long with ______________ of nucleotide base pairs 1. One long DNA molecule contains many _________________ 2. Each gene being a specific sequence of hundreds of _____________________________ along one polynucleotide chain 3. The specific sequence of ___________________________ in a _________________ is the information that programs the ________________ structure of a protein. 21 22