Download Cells Are Made Of Molecules

Cells Are Composed Of Complex Molecules Made By Cells Themselves From
Simpler Molecules That Enter The Cell From Outside The Cell
I.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
OBJECTIVES:
1. SWBAT recognize the importance of carbon as the backbone of
biological molecules
2. SWBAT define organic compounds
3. SWBAT explain why there is a large variety of organic compounds
4. SWBAT explain the “unity within diversity” concept as it pertains to
biological molecules
5. SWBAT identify carbon skeletons in organic molecules
A. Compounds that contain the element _______________ are said to be
______________________
B. The element _______________ is so important that a whole branch of
chemistry is set aside just to study ________________ containing
________________________
1. Almost all the molecules a living cell makes are composed of
__________________ atoms.
2. ____________ serves as the backbone of biological molecules
C. _________ has two important properties that make it important to living
things
1. Each carbon atom can form ___________ stable, strong, ________
bonds.
a. thus carbon can bond with:

_________________________

_________________________

__________________________
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
__________________________

____________________________
2. ___________ can bond to ______________ forming:
a. ________________ of various sizes
b. _________________ of various sizes
c. ________________ structures
d. ___________, double, or ____________ covalent bonds
D. Thus there is an enormous variety of carbon based __________________
E. Carbon enters the biosphere through the action of ______________ in a
process called _____________________________
1. Plants use the _____________ from the sun to transform ___________
(CO2) in the atmosphere into the __________________ of life.
2. These molecules are then passed along to ______________ that feed
on the ____________________.
II.
Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small
molecules that enter cells from outside the cells
OBJECTIVES:
1. SWBAT relate monomers to polymers
2. SWBAT compare and contrast hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
3. SWBAT relate the “unity within diversity” concept to macromolecules
A. Life’s molecules are considered to be _________________ molecules
1. Called ____________________________
2. Life’s macromolecules are classified into __________ main
categories
a. ______________________________
b. _______________________________
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c. ______________________________
d. ______________________________
B. Cells make most of their ____________________ molecules by joining
smaller ______________ molecules into chains, called ____________
1. Polymers are ______________ molecules consisting of many
________________ or similar molecular units strung together
2. The units that serve as the building blocks of ________________
are called __________________________
C. Living cells make a vast number of different _______________________
1. There are about a ____________________ different kinds of
_____________ found in nature.
2. Cells make all of its diverse ______________________ from a
small number of ________________________ (40-50)
D. The variety of ___________________ account for the uniqueness of each
__________________________
1. The __________________ used to make __________________
Are essentially __________________________
2. The ___________________ are just arranged in
different ______________________
E. Cells link _____________________ together to make ________________
by a process called __________________________________
1. All unlinked monomers have:
a. ____________________ atoms
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b. ____________________ groups
2. For each __________________ added to a chain, a water
molecule is _____________________________
3. Two _____________________ contribute to the __________
molecule
a. One _______________ loses a ___________ group
b. The other _______________ loses a ______________
atom.
4. As this occurs a new __________________ bond forms linking
the two ______________________ together
F. Cells not only make ________________________________, they also
have to break them down by a process called __________________
1. Cells break bonds between __________________ by adding
________________________
a. a _____________________ group from water molecule joins
to one ________________________________
b. A _____________________ atom joins to the adjacent
___________________________
2. Foods ingested are often ________________________ that are
digested by the process of ____________ and their ____________
become available to the cell.
III.
Monosaccharide’s are the simplest carbohydrates
OBJECTIVES:
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1. SWBAT analyze the basic structure and function of sugars
2. SWBAT relate monosaccharides to disaccharides
B. The name __________________ refers to a class of molecules ranging
from simple _________________ to large ________________________
1. _____________________ are long _______________ made up
of sugar _____________________
2. _____________________ are the carbohydrate ______________
3. ____________________ are simple or single unit ____________
4. Simple sugars or _____________________ can be linked
together by __________________________ to form more
complex ________________ and _____________________
C. ___________________ contain the elements ________________
_____________________ and _________________________
usually in a ____________________ ratio
1. Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are
some multiple of _________________________
2. Glucose, for example, is multiple of _________
thus has formula _____________________________
D. Glucose and Fructose have same molecular formula but different
______________________ formulas
1. Known as ________________________
2. Differ only in their __________________ of atoms
3. _______________ have different properties from each other
E. _________________________ can have ____________ skeletons
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consisting of ___________ to ____________ carbons
1. Five carbon monosaccharides are called _______________
a. ___________________________________
b. __________________________________
2. Six carbon sugars are called ________________________
a. ____________________________
b. _____________________________
c. ______________________________
F. In aqueous solutions many ________________________ form _______
structures.
G. _________________, particularly ______________, are the main fuel
molecules for cellular work.
1. Cells also use the _____________ skeleton of monosaccharides
as raw material for synthesizing other _____________________
2. Also serve as _______________ for larger _________________
H. Cells link simple sugars together to form __________________________
1. Disaccharides are _____________ sugars formed by the process
of
_____________________ __________________
2. Examples of disaccharides include:
a. Maltose

Glucose + _________________

_________ sugar
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b. Lactose

Glucose + ____________________

_________ sugar

Glucose + _______________

________ sugar

Main ____________ in plant sap
c. Sucrose
IV.
Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units (monosaccharides)
OBJECTIVES:
1. SWBAT distinguish between storage polysaccharides and structural
polysaccharides
2. SWBAT compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose
3. SWBAT identify polysaccharides
A. _______________________ are ________________ of a few hundred to a
Few thousand ______________________ linked together by _____________
B. __________________________ can be classified as _________________
polysaccharides or ____________________ polysaccharides
1. ________________ polysaccharides are broken down by cells
when it needs to obtain ___________________
a. Starch is a _________________________ in plants
b. Starch consists entirely of glucose ____________________
c. _______________ is broken down into glucose by
______________________
d. Animals store excess sugar in the form of the
Polysaccharide called ___________________
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e. _______________ also consists entirely of _____________
monomers but is more ___________________
f. Most glycogen is stored in _______________ and
__________________ cells
2. Structural polysaccharides serve as building material for
structures that protect _____________ and support
whole _________________
a. Cellulose, the most _______________ organic compound
on earth, forms the _______________ of plants
b. ________________ also consists of monomers of
_____________________________
c. _______________ can’t be broken down by
_____________________ in most animals
d. The cellulose in plant foods that passes unchanged
thru our digestive tract is known as _______________
V.
Lipids, including fats, are nonpolar and hydrophobic macromolecules that
serve as long term energy storage, insulations, & cushioning
OBJECTIVES:
1. SWBAT describe the structure and function of fats
2. SWBAT distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
3. SWBAT explain the hydrophobic nature of lipids
A. Lipids are _______________ compounds
1. Consist mainly of ______________ and _______________
Atoms
2. Linked by __________________ covalent bonds
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B. Lipid molecules are thus _______________________
C. Fat are one type of ________________________
1. Main function is ________________ storage
2. One gram of fat stores more than _____________ as
much ______________ as carbohydrates
3. _________________ & _______________ are two other
functions of fat.
D. A fat is a large ______________ made from _______ kinds of
smaller molecules
1. _______________________
a. an ____________________
b. three _____________ each bearing a ___________ group
c. Example
2. ___________________________
a. Hydrocarbon chain with about ________ carbons
b. Most carbons in chain are linked to _________ atoms by
________________ covalent bonds
c. Hydrocarbon chain is thus __________________________
d. A ________________ group is attached to one end of
________________________ chain
e. Example:
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E. Fatty acid molecules link to _____________ by ___________________
1. A fat consists of ________ fatty acids linked to one
_________________ molecule
a. Result of ________________________________ occurring
at all three ________________ sites on glycerol
b. Example:
2. A synonym for fat is thus _______________________________
F. The three fatty acids in a fat may be three _______________ kinds
G. Some fatty acids contain _______________ bonds
1. Cause kinks in the _____________ chain
2. Prevents carbon skeleton from bonding to maximum number of
____________________ atoms
3. Fatty acids with __________ bonds are said to be ____________
4. Fatty acids with the maximum number _______________ atoms
are said to be ________________________
H. The kinks in _____________________ fats prevent the molecules from
packing tightly together.
1. Thus, __________________ at room temperature
2. Corn oil, __________ oil, and other ______________ oils are
__________________________ fats
I. Hydrogenated vegetable oils refers to __________________ fats that have
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been converted to _______________ fats by adding ________________
J. Most plant fats are _____________________ oils, whereas most animal
fats are __________________________
1. Thus butter and lard are _____________ at room temperature
2. __________________ fats are unhealthy
a. Contributes to __________________________
b. Contributes to ________________________
VI.
Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are other types of lipids
OBJECTIVES:
1. SWBAT describe the structure and function of phospholipids, waxes,
and steroids
A. Phospholipids are major components of ________________________
1. Structurally similar to ____________
a. One ______________ linked to ________ fatty acids
b. A __________________ group attaches to the third
______________ group of glycerol
2. Thus a phospholipids has:
a. Polar, hydrophilic region known as the
___________________________________
b. Non polar, ________________ fatty acid tail
c. Represented in drawings as:
B. Waxes consist of one _____________ linked to an alcohol
1. More ____________________ than fats
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a. Makes waxes natural coating for ____________
b. Many animals, especially insects, also have _________
coats
2. Waxes prevent _________________ out
C. Steroids are lipids whose __________ skeleton is bent to form ______
Fused rings
1. All steroids have the same ________ pattern
a. ________ six sided rings
b. _______ five sided rings
2. Cholesterol is a _________________________
a. Found in animal cell ________________ but not
______________ cells
b. Cholesterol is the starting material for making other
____________________
3. Steroids include male and female _______ _______________
4. Too much ________________ in blood contributes to
Arterial and heart disease
VII.
Proteins are essential to the structure and activities of life
OBJECTIVES:
1. SWBAT describe the function of proteins
A. A protein is a ______________ constructed from _______________
Monomers
1. Each of us has tens of thousands of different kinds of _______
2. Each ____________ has a unique 3-dimensional shape
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(_______________________) that corresponds to a specific
______________________
B. Proteins are important to the ______________ of cells and organisms
And participate in everything they ________
C. There are _______ major classes of proteins
1. Structural proteins
a. _______________________
b. __________________________
c. __________________________
2. Contractile proteins
a. ___________________________
b. _____________________________
3. Storage proteins
a. Storage of ______________________
b. Egg white (ovalbumin) a protein that stores
___________________ in eggs
c. Plants have storage proteins in ______________
d. Caesin, protein in milk, is the major source of ________
for baby ____________________________
4. Defense proteins
a. Protection against _________________
b. ______________ are proteins that fight __________
5. Transport proteins
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a. Transport other _______________________
b._______________, a protein, carries oxygen from lungs to
other parts of the body
6. Signal proteins
a. ________________ are proteins that carry messages from
one part of the body to another
7. Enzymes
a. Probably, the most ______________ proteins
b. Promote and _______________ every chemical reaction in
a cell
c. Speeds up _________________ reactions without itself
being ___________________
VIII.
Proteins are made from just twenty kinds of amino acids
OBJECTIVES:
1. SWBAT describe the structure of amino acids
2. SWBAT determine properties of amino acids
3. SWBAT describe how amino acids link to form polypeptide chains
A. Of all life’s molecules, _______________ are the most diverse in structure
and ___________________
1. Diversity is due to different __________________ of a universal
set of ________ amino acids
2. All amino acids have a central ____________ (_________)
3. ________________ bonded to the central carbon of all amino
acids are:
a. An ______________ group
b. A _________________ group
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c. A _________________ atom
d. ______________ (side chain, variable group)
4. Each of the twenty amino acids have a different _____________
a. R groups determine the specific _____________ of each
Amino acid in a protein
b. R groups can be nonpolar (___________________)
c. R groups can be polar (_________________________)
d. R groups can be electrically charged (_______________)
*Negatively charged amino acids are ______________
*_____________ charged amino acids are alkaline
B. Amino acids can be linked by _______________ bonds
1. Cells link amino acids by __________________________
a. The _______________ group of one amino acid must be
positioned next to the _____________ group of another
______________________
b. A ______________ molecule is removed as the carbon
atom of the ______________ group bonds with the
_______________ of the amino group
c. The resulting covalent linkage is called a _____________
2. The product of the reaction is called a _____________________
because it was made from _________ amino acids
a. Additional amino acids can be added by the same process
to form a chain of _____________ ________________
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b. Called a _______________________________
3. ________________________ range in length
from a few _____________ to a thousand or more.
IX.
A proteins specific shape determines its function
OBJECTIVES:
1. SWBAT describe the levels of protein organization
2. SWBAT describe the factors that influence protein shape
A. A protein consists of one or more _____________________ chains
folded into a unique shape
1. The molecules specific 3-dimensional shape determines its
specific _____________________
2. Nearly all proteins must recognize and bind to some other
____________________ in order to function
B. In a process called ___________________, polypeptide chains unravel
1. ____________ specific shape
2. Lose ___________________
C. Change in _________, ______________________, or ________________
can denature many ____________________
D. Proteins can have _____________ levels of structural organization
1. ________________ ____________________
a. Sequence of amino acids forming its _______________
chain
b. Includes the ______________ of amino acids, _________
of amino acids and their order.
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c. In order for any protein to perform its specific function
It must have the correct collection of ________ ________
arranged in a ________________ order
d. Even a slight change in a protein’s ______________
structure may affect its overall shape and its ability
to __________________
e. Sickle cell anemia is due to a single ____________
change in the protein _______________________
2. ________________ _______________________
a. Due to polypeptide coiling or folding produced by
_________________
b. Parts of the polypeptide chain _________ or fold into local
patterns
c. Results in secondary structures called _________________
or _______________________________
d. Patterns are maintained by regular spaced ______________
bonds between the _______________ group and the
__________________ groups along the polypeptide chain
3. _________________ _____________________
a. Refers to overall _________________________ shape of
polypeptide
b. Most ________________________ shapes can be
described as _____________ or __________________
c. Tertiary structure results from interactions among the
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polypeptides ____________________________

hydrophobic interactions

_____________________

_________ bonding

_____________ bonds
4. ________________ ________________________
a. Many proteins consist of two or more _________________
or subunits
b. Quaternary structure results from bonding interactions
The subunits or ____________________________
X.
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are responsible for transmitting genetic
information. The genetic information stored in DNA is used to assemble
thousands of proteins that each cell requires.
OBJECTIVES:
1. SWBAT describe the structure and function of nucleic acids
2. SWBAT explain the importance of nucleic acids to living things
A. The nucleic acids are ________________ that serve as the blue prints
for ___________________
B. There ate two types of ___________________________
1. ___________________________________ (_______)
a. The genetic material that organisms inherit from
from their parents consist of ______________
b. Within the DNA are _____________, specific stretches of
the molecule that programs the ____________________
sequence (______________________________)
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c. In determining the primary structure of proteins,
___________ determine the specific ____________
structure and therefore the ________________
of proteins
d. Thus, through the action of ________________, DNA
Controls the life of the __________ and the ________
2. ________________________________ (___________)
a. DNA works through an intermediary called ____________
b. DNA’s information is _________________ into RNA,
which is then ______________________ into the
primary structure of _____________ ________________
C. The monomers that make up Nucleic acids are called _________________
1. Each _________________ has three parts
a. ______ carbon sugar (________________)

________________________ in DNA

___________________ in RNA
b. Linked to one end of sugar in both ___________
and ______________ is a functional group
called a ______________________________
c. At the other end of the sugar is one of a number
of chemical units called ________________
(___________________________________)
*DNA has the nitrogen bases:
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
________________________

___________________________

______________________________

_____________________________
*RNA has the nitrogen bases
o _____________________________
o _____________________________
o ______________________________
o _____________________________
2. Like polysaccharides and polypeptides, a ______________
polymer forms from its monomers by ________________
a. The phosphate group of one ___________________
bonds to the sugar of another __________________
b. Forms a sugar-phosphate ______________________
3. RNA consists of a single _____________________________
But DNA is a _____________________________
a. Two _____________________________ chains
wrapped around each other.
b. The nitrogenous bases protrude from the two
sugar-phosphate backbones into the center of the
________________
4. The nitrogenous bases pair up as such:
a. ____________________________
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b. _____________________________
5. The nitrogenous bases are held together by ________________
D. DNA molecules are very long with ______________ of nucleotide
base pairs
1. One long DNA molecule contains many _________________
2. Each gene being a specific sequence of hundreds of
_____________________________ along one
polynucleotide chain
3. The specific sequence of ___________________________
in a _________________ is the information that programs
the ________________ structure of a protein.
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