Download The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system

Review Topics for Final Exam
Living Things, Chemistry, Cells and Membranes
Know the levels of organization of living things as well as the characteristics of Living things
Basic Chemistry – structure of an atom, atomic number, atomic mass, number of electrions, ions,
ionic bonding, covalent bonding, polar molecules, properties of water that make it important to living
things
Organic Chemistry – the function and structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
including monomers and polymers and the reactions that build them up and break them down
Cell Structure and function of the organelles and the cell theory
Properties of the cell memberane including ways of getting things across the membrane, and what
cannot cross the membrane. Principles of diffusion and osmosis, as well as the concepts of what
happens to cells in Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic solutions
Nervous system
Know and understand what a Neuron is and it’s anatomy
Know and understand what Neuroglial tissue is
Know and understand an Action Potential and how it occurs
Know and understand white matter of CNS vs. Gray matter
Know and understand peripheral vs. central nervous system
Know and understand Saltatory vs. standard conduction
Know and understand synapses and neurotransmitters
Know and understand the different parts of the autonomic nervous system including
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems and Dual Innervation
Know and understand the different parts of human brain and especially the cerebrum and what the
corpus callosum is
Know and understand the parts of a Reflex arc as well as the anatomy of the spinal cord and the
dorsal and ventral roots as well as the dorsal root ganglion
Circulatory System - Blood, Blood Vessels and the Heart
Know and Understand how to Trace Blood through the cardiovascular system from one part to
another including where it’s oxygen rich and where it’s oxygen poor and all of the vessels, valves and
chambers it passes through along the way.
Know and understand the anatomy of and the differences between the various types of blood
vessels, as well as the special features of cardiac muscle
Know and understand the principles of blood pressure including what the different numbers
represent, as well as understanding Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume and Pulse Pressure
Know an understand the special features that allow for Venous Return with such low pressure
Know and understand the principles of an EKG
Know and understand the principles of pressure related to Capillary Mechanics
Know and understand the differences between the various types of Blood Cells
Know and understand the various Blood Constituents
Know and understand the principles of Blood Typing
Know the various Heart Diseases and Vascular Diseases we discussed
Systole vs. diastole vs. pulse pressure
Digestive System
Know and understand the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system as well as it’s
function, and any special circulatory portals
Be able to trace food completely through the digestive system including what’s digested where and
by what enzymes, as well as the accessory glands and their functions, and the control of the system
Know and understand the Basic Concepts of Nutrition as well as the concepts of the various eating
disorders
Know the various digestive system disorders discussed
Respiratory System
Know and Understand how to Trace Air through from when it enters the body until the oxygen and
CO2 are exchanged including what happens to it along the way.
Know and understand the processes of inspiration and expiration as well as internal respiration and
external respiration including the differences between them
Know and understand the Anatomy and physiology of the human respiratory system including special
features and where the control center is located and what other controls exist
Know and understand the different respiratory volumes
Know and understand the development of lung cancer including factors that help prevent it as well as
factors that are associated with an increased risk of it.
Know and understand the mechanics of breathing
Know and understand the diffusion of gasses from the air to the blood and the blood to the air
Know the various Respiratory Diseases we discussed.
Reproductive System
Anatomy of male and female reproductive systems
Be able to trace the production of sperm from where it is first produced to where it exits the body
including any accessory glands that add secretions along the way and what special conditions may
need to be present
Know the anatomy of the sperm cell and the egg
Know and understand oogenesis and spermatogenesis
Be able to trace the production of eggs from where they are first produced to where they exit the body
including where they get fertilized if it occurs
Know the role of the various hormones in the male and female reproductive systems
Know the various methods of Birth Contral, including their risks and effectiveness
Know and understand the ovarian and uterine cycles and the roles of the various hormones